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Flexural

The flexural test, also known as the bending test, is a fundamental mechanical property test that evaluates a material's ability to withstand bending loads without fracture or permanent deformation. It focuses on measuring key performance indicators such as flexural strength, flexural modulus (stiffness), and flexural strain, which are critical for assessing how materials behave under non-tensile or compressive stress conditions in practical applications.

UnitedTest flexural test fixtures

Feature:

  • 4 points bending

Key parameter:

  • Load: 5KN ~ 100KN
Details

Feature:

  • ASTM D790, ISO 178

Key parameter:

  • Load: 1KN ~ 50KN
Details

Feature:

  • ASTM E290/ISO 7438

Key parameter:

  • Load: 300KN ~ 2000KN
Details

Feature:

  • Flexural Strength

Key parameter:

  • Load: 300KN ~ 1000KN
Details

Feature:

  • ASTM C133

Key parameter:

  • Load: 100KN ~ 600KN
Details

Feature:

  • ISO 14125

Key parameter:

  • Load: 1KN ~ 50KN
Details

Principle of flexural test

The test applies a concentrated or distributed load to a prismatic or rectangular specimen supported at two or more points, causing it to bend along the longitudinal axis. During the process, the outer surface of the specimen experiences tension, while the inner surface is under compression. By recording the load-displacement curve, parameters like the maximum load the material can bear before breaking (flexural strength) and the ratio of stress to strain within the elastic limit (flexural modulus) are derived.


Common Test Modes
Three-point bending test: The simplest and most widely used mode, with load applied at the midpoint of a specimen supported at two ends. It is suitable for most materials and offers high testing efficiency.
Four-point bending test: Load applied at two symmetric points on the specimen, resulting in a uniform bending moment in the middle section. It minimizes stress concentration and is ideal for brittle materials (e.g., ceramics, glass) or materials with internal defects.

Standard

ASTM C393 Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Sandwich Constructions
ASTM C78 Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)
ASTM C293 Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam With Center-Point Loading)
ASTM C1161 Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
ASTM C1211 Flexural Testing for Ceramics
ASTM C1583 Tensile Testing for Concrete Surfaces
ASTM C1674 Ceramic Flexural Strength Test Equipment
ASTM D143 Standard Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber
ASTM D3043 Standard Test Methods for Structural Panels in Flexure
ASTM D6109 Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastic Lumber
ASTM D198 Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
ASTM C1341 Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composites
ASTM D5572 Standard Specification for Adhesives Used for Finger Joints in Nonstructural Lumber Products
ASTM D6109 Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastic Lumber
ASTM D6272 Four Point Flexural Bend Test Machine for Plastics and Insulating Materials
ASTM D6416 Flexural Sandwich Composite Plate Composite Test Machine
ASTM D7264 Flexural Test Equipment for Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
ASTM D790 Testing for Flexural Properties of Plastics and Insulating Materials
ASTM F2606 Bending Balloon Vascular Stents 3 Point Test Machine
ASTM F382 Flexural Fatigue Bone Plate Fixation Devices Test Equipment
ISO 178 Plastics-Determination of Flexural Properties
ISO 14125 Plastic Composites Flexure Bend Test Machine
ISO 3133 Wood -- Determination of ultimate strength in static bending
JEDEC JESD 22B113 Board Level Cyclic Bend Test - Handheld Electronic Products
IPC JEDEC 9702 Monotonic Bend Testing Interconnects - Board Level

Flexural Test Fixtures Components

Fixtures are core components of flexural testing machines, responsible for supporting the specimen and transmitting the test load stably and accurately. Their design directly affects the reliability and repeatability of test results. UnitedTest, as a professional provider of mechanical testing equipment, integrates high-precision fixture technology into its flexural testing systems to adapt to diverse material requirements.


Key Fixture Components
Support rollers: Used to support the specimen, ensuring it can rotate freely during bending to avoid additional shear stress. The rollers are typically made of high-hardness alloy steel or tungsten carbide to resist wear and deformation.
Loading nose: Applies the test load to the specimen. For three-point bending, it is a single cylindrical nose; for four-point bending, it consists of two parallel rollers. The surface is precision-ground to ensure uniform load distribution.
Adjustment mechanisms: Include adjustable support spans and loading positions to accommodate different specimen sizes (length, width, thickness) as specified by test standards. Advanced fixtures feature digital adjustment for high positioning accuracy.
Clamping auxiliary parts: For flexible or thin specimens (e.g., films, thin plates), anti-slip pads or side clamps are added to prevent specimen displacement during testing.


Fixture Material Requirements
Fixtures must have higher hardness and rigidity than the tested specimens to avoid fixture deformation affecting test data. Common materials include high-carbon steel, stainless steel, and ceramic, with surface treatments such as quenching and chrome plating to enhance wear resistance and corrosion resistance.

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