Information on the most widely used ASTM standards within the materials testing industry
Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine
Hydraulic universal testing machine is a multifunctional tool designed to evaluate the mechanical properties of materials under various stress conditions. Its name comes from its ability to perform multiple types of tests, including tension, compression, and bending. The hydraulic system inside the machine generates the massive force required for testing, making it an ideal choice for heavy-duty applications. These testing machines play a crucial role in ensuring the structural integrity and performance of materials used in industries such as aerospace, construction, and manufacturing. They are designed to provide unparalleled precision, making them indispensable in critical quality control processes.
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What is the hydraulic universal testing machine?
Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine (HUTM) is a high-precision mechanical property testing device based on hydraulic transmission technology. It is capable of performing a full range of mechanical tests (tensile, compression, bending, shear, etc.) on metallic and non-metallic materials, and is widely used in quality inspection, scientific research, and industrial production. Below is a detailed breakdown of its core attributes, supplemented with tables for clarity.

Working Principle
Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine operates on the core logic of "hydraulic transmission + closed-loop control", integrating four key systems to achieve precise load application and data acquisition:
Power Generation: An electric motor drives a hydraulic pump to convert electrical energy into hydraulic pressure. Hydraulic oil is filtered and delivered to the hydraulic cylinder.
Load Application: The hydraulic cylinder pushes/pulls the piston to drive the testing machine’s crosshead, and the grippers clamp the specimen to apply tensile or compressive load.
Closed-Loop Control: A force sensor (load cell) real-time collects load signals and feeds them back to the controller. The controller adjusts the servo valve opening to regulate hydraulic oil flow, ensuring accurate load control (constant load, constant displacement, constant strain).
Data Acquisition & Processing: Extensometers and displacement sensors measure specimen deformation and piston movement. Signals are digitized and transmitted to an industrial computer, which generates stress-strain curves, calculates mechanical parameters (tensile strength, yield strength, elongation), and stores/test reports.
Key Advantages of Hydraulic UTM
Advantage | Detailed Explanation |
High Load Capacity | Can deliver ultra-high loads (up to 2000kN or even 5000kN), suitable for testing heavy-duty specimens (e.g., bridge steel strands, large metal components) that exceed the load limit of electronic universal testing machines. |
Excellent Stability & Rigidity | The frame is made of welded steel structure or integral cast iron with a four-column design, minimizing lateral deformation under high loads and ensuring test accuracy. |
Versatile Functionality | Interchangeable fixtures (grippers, bending rollers, shear jigs) enable tensile, compression, bending, shear, and creep tests without additional dedicated equipment. |
High Measurement Precision | Equipped with high-precision load cells (static accuracy ±0.5% FS) and extensometers (deformation resolution 0.001mm), compliant with GB, ISO, ASTM, and other international standards. |
Durability & Low Maintenance | Hydraulic components have a long service life; the closed hydraulic system reduces wear, and routine maintenance only requires periodic oil changes and filter cleaning. |
Hydrauylic UTM Classification
Classification | Specific Types | Key Features |
Control Mode | Digital Display (LCD) | Simple operation with LCD screen for basic data display; ideal for routine low-precision tests. |
Computer-Controlled (Semi-Automatic) | Connects to a computer for curve plotting and data storage; supports basic automated testing. | |
Microcomputer-Controlled (Fully Automatic) | Full digital closed-loop control; automates test procedures, data analysis, and report generation; suitable for high-precision/batch testing. | |
Load Capacity | 300kN, 600kN, 1000kN, 2000kN, etc. | 300kN/600kN for conventional metal materials; 1000kN+ for large structural components (e.g., steel beams, concrete blocks). |
Gripping Method | Manual Gripping | Low cost, manual operation; suitable for small-batch, simple specimen testing. |
Hydraulic Gripping | Hydraulically driven clamping with uniform force; prevents specimen slipping; ideal for high-strength/large-diameter specimens (e.g., steel bars). | |
Structural Type | Type A (Upper Cylinder) | Obsolete design with poor stability under high loads. |
Type B/C/D (Lower Cylinder) | Mainstream design; Type D features a gap-elimination mechanism for minimal test error. |
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2000KN D type frame | 1000KN C type frame | Hydraulic power unit (NACHI Pump + MOOG servo valve) |
Main Applications of Hydraulic UTMs in Industry
Corresponding Standards
ISO 15835-1:2009 specifies requirements for reinforcement couplers,
hereafter called couplers, to be used for splicing of steel reinforcing
bars. For couplers to be used for mechanical splices in reinforced
concrete structures under predominantly static loads and additional
requirements for couplers to be used in structures subject to high cycle
elastic fatigue loading and/or to low cycle elastic-plastic reverse
loading.
ISO 15835-1:2009 is intended to be applicable in relation to the various reinforced concrete design standards as well as in relation to the various standards for steel reinforcing bars. also provides directions for the evaluation of conformity of couplers.
ISO
6892 specifies the method for tensile testing of metallic materials and
defines the mechanical properties which can be determined at room
temperature. Related standard ASTM E8 , JIS Z2241 Method of tensile
test for metallic materials.
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