ISO 17704 Martindale Abrasion Test for Footwear — Uppers, Linings & Insocks

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ISO 17704 Footwear Abrasion Resistance Tester | UnitedTest

UnitedTest supplies ISO 17704 abrasion testing machines for footwear uppers, linings and insocks. Perform dry and wet abrasion tests to evaluate material wear performance and surface damage rating for footwear components.

ISO 17704 Footwear — Test methods for uppers, linings and insocks — Abrasion resistance. ISO 17704 defines a test method for determining the resistance of footwear uppers, linings and insocks, regardless of material type, to wet and dry abrasion, helping assess material suitability for end footwear applications. This standard does not set pass or fail thresholds; it generates visual damage descriptions and ratings after defined rubbing cycles.

Core Test purpose / principle

Four circular test specimens are rubbed against standard abradant fabric or 36‑grit abradant paper under constant contact pressure. Half of the abradant media run dry and half run wet. The relative motion forms a Lissajous figure that delivers multi‑directional rubbing action. Testing pauses at predefined revolution intervals for visual damage inspection. The test terminates after prescribed abrasion cycles, and specimen surface degradation is assessed and recorded.

Test Equipment required of ISO 17704 Martindale Abrasion Test for Footwear — Uppers, Linings & Insocks

Martindale abrasion‑testing machine	as specified in ISO 12947-1 — including specimen holders, spindles, loading weights, abrading tables, clamping rings. Abrasion machine: Martindale type, one or more test stations Specimen carrier: Circular, with clamping ring; exposed raised flat area 645 mm² ± 5 mm² Abradant table: Horizontal, square central test area side 88 mm; typically circular, min. Ø 125 mm Motion: Lissajous figure 60 mm ± 1 mm × 60 mm ± 1 mm; 16 revolutions (≈100 rad) = 1 Lissajous figure = 1 cycle Speed: 5 rad/s ± 0.4 rad/s (outer hubs ≈ 48 rev/min ± 2 rev/min) Pressure: Constant 12 kPa ± 0.2 kPa; corresponding mass of carrier + fitments 795 g ± 5 g Parallelism: Table/carrier parallel within ± 0.05 mm over the whole figure; circumferential parallelism better than 0.05 mm (verified with slip gauges / dial gauge) Counter: Counts revolutions, with 16 rev = 1 cycle
Abradant fabric	Crossbred worsted spun, plain weave: warp (R63±2) tex/2, weft (R74±2) tex/2; warp 1.7 ± 0.1 threads/mm, weft 1.3 ± 0.1 threads/mm; singles twist 540±20 tpm 'Z' (warp) / 500±20 tpm 'Z' (weft); two fold twist 450±20 tpm 'S' / 350±20 tpm 'S'; fibre diameter 27.5 ± 2 µm / 29 ± 2 µm; min. mass per unit area 190 g/m². Only the supplier-recommended face (normally the smoother face) may be used
Abradant paper	Technical standard 36 grit recommended (alternative abradant)
Table felt (4 pieces)	575–800 g/m², thickness 2–3.5 mm; both sides usable; reusable until discoloured or < 2 mm thick; felt used wet must only be reused wet
Auxiliary tools	PU foam backing: (3 ± 1) mm thick, density (30 ± 3) kg/m³, indentation hardness 5.8 ± 0.8 kPa (Annex A) — used for materials < 500 g/m² Pressing mass: Applies 2 kPa ± 0.2 kPa over the whole abradant table to hold the abradant flat while clamping Cutting device: Press knife sized to the carrier clamping system Water jet: e.g. rubber tube with restricted end on a mains cold-water tap, for wet saturation Annex A apparatus: Ten 50 g ± 0.01 g weights, a light pan (~50 g), thickness gauge with 2.0 kPa ± 0.2 kPa on a Ø 25 mm ± 1 mm presser foot (for foam indentation hardness)

Test Specimen Information:

1. Specimen quantity: minimum two specimens for dry test and two specimens for wet test respectively. For patterned fabrics, increase specimen count to cover all pattern sections.

2. Sampling position: cut samples away from finished‑product edges, maintain ≥ 50 mm clearance from manufactured edges. Specimens may be sampled from raw sheet stock, cut uppers or complete finished footwear.

3. Woven fabric rule: avoid duplicate warp or weft threads across different specimens.

Test Parameters & Stipulations

Abraded area	645 mm² ± 5 mm²
Contact pressure	12 kPa ± 0.2 kPa (795 g ± 5 g)
Motion	Lissajous, 60 × 60 mm (±1 mm)
1 cycle	16 revolutions ≈ 100 rad
Speed	5 rad/s ± 0.4 rad/s (≈48 ± 2 rpm)
Conditions	2 dry + 2 wet (fabric or 36-grit paper)
Inspection points (revolutions)	1 600, 3 200, 6 400, 12 800, 25 600, 38 400, 51 200
Re-wetting points (revolutions)	6 400, 12 800, 25 600, 38 400
Re-wet water	up to 30 g per station, rubbed in with fingertips; pressing mass applied 10 s ± 2 s
Damage rating scale	None / very slight / slight / moderate / severe / almost complete / complete

Test Procedures for ISO 17704 Martindale Abrasion Test for Footwear — Uppers, Linings & Insocks

For wet‑condition groups: fully saturate abradant fabric/paper and supporting felt using water jet until uniform darkening shows full saturation; do not spray water onto pre‑mounted machine‑fixed samples.
Mount each specimen into circular carrier with target abrasion surface facing outward. Insert polyurethane foam backing behind specimens below 500g/mm². Clamp tightly to eliminate slack, wrinkles and distortion.
Install corresponding dry or wet felt layer on the abradant table, then fit abradant fabric or paper with its designated working face upward. Apply pressing mass and clamp abradant media wrinkle‑free. Repeat for multi‑station machines.
Load assembled specimen carriers into tester, apply vertical load to achieve the 12Kpa contact pressure.
Start the Martindale abrasion tester. Stop at each scheduled revolution checkpoint per standard Table 1.
Under bright indirect lighting, inspect each specimen. Compare with untested reference sample. Record abrasion, pilling, discolouration, hole‑through failure, bald patches or colour shift for pile materials. Grade damage level using descriptors: None, very slight, slight, moderate, severe, almost complete, complete.
For wet‑test stations at specified re‑wet revolutions: add up to 30 g water onto clamped abradant media, apply pressing weight for 10±2s.
Re‑fit carriers and resume testing until completing final target revolutions.

Industry Application Fields

Footwear manufacturing & brands — material selection and qualification for uppers (leather, coated/PVC-Pu, textiles, synthetics), linings and insocks; R&D comparison of finishes, coatings and constructions; incoming QC and production QC.
Safety / PPE footwear — the method is referenced through EN ISO 20344 §6.12 (abrasion resistance of lining/upper) which supports EN ISO 20345 conformity.
Third-party testing labs & certification (Intertek, CTC, SATRA-type labs, university footwear labs) — accredited abrasion reports, buyer/brand compliance, claim substantiation.
Retailer/brand durability programs & EPD/PEFCR — e.g. Intertek's High-Performance "Durable" footwear mark uses ISO 17704 dry with abradant paper (upper) and wet (lining, 25 600 cycles); the footwear PCR lists EN 13520 / ISO 17704 as reference standards for declaring abrasion-resistance durability.
Materials & supply chain — tanneries, textile/coated-fabric mills and chemical suppliers benchmarking surface treatments.
Adjacent sectors using the same Martindale platform: apparel/upholstery textiles, protective gloves, coated fabrics, automotive and furniture.

Related Standard:

ISO 12947-1	Textiles - Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method - Part 1: Martindale abrasion testing apparatus
ISO 12947-2	Textiles - Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method - Part 2: Determination of specimen breakdown
ISO 12947-3	Textiles - Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method - Part 3: Determination of mass loss
ISO 12945‑2	pilling & fuzzing on the modified Martindale apparatus — same machine family, different end point
ISO 5470-1	Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics - Determination of abrasion resistance - Part 1: Taber abrader
ISO 5470-2	Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics. Determination of abrasion resistance. Martindale abrader
ASTM D4966	Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method).
ASTM D4970	Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
GB/T 21196.3	Textiles-Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method-Part 3:Determination of mass loss
ISO 17704	Footwear - Test methods for uppers, linings and insocks - Abrasion resistance
EN 13520	Footwear - Test methods for uppers, lining and insocks - Abrasion resistance;
ISO 17076‑2	leather, abrasion resistance, Martindale ball-plate method.
SATRA TM31	abrasion resistance (Martindale) for footwear materials.
JIS L 1096, M&S P19	other commonly referenced abrasion/pilling methods
GBT 4802.2	Textiles - Determination of fabric propensity to surface fuzzing and to pilling - Part 2: Modified Martindale method

Why This Test Matters for the Material

Simulate real‑service wear: Footwear uppers, linings and insocks undergo repeated multi‑directional rubbing during wearing; both dry friction and sweat‑induced wet friction occur in daily use. The test reproduces these two service modes.
Predict in‑service failure risks: It detects early‑stage defects including surface abrasion, pilling, colour change, balding for pile materials and through‑hole wear. Manufacturers can screen out materials prone to premature wear‑out before mass production.
Support material comparison and selection: It provides repeatable visual grading and cycle‑count metrics to compare different candidate materials for uppers, linings or insocks.
Quality‑control benchmark: It forms objective laboratory evidence for incoming‑material quality checks, product specification definition and compliance verification for footwear components.

Keywords: ISO 17704 abrasion tester, footwear abrasion resistance test, shoe upper abrasion testing, footwear lining wear test, insock abrasion tester, dry wet abrasion test for footwear, shoe material abrasion machine, footwear component durability test, leather upper abrasion test, synthetic footwear material wear testing, UnitedTest footwear testing equipment

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Q1. What is ISO 17704?

ISO 17704:2004 is an international test method standard titled Footwear — Test methods for uppers, linings and insocks — Abrasion resistance. It specifies how to determine the resistance of shoe uppers, linings and insocks to wet and dry abrasion, regardless of the material, in order to assess suitability for the end use.

Q2. Is ISO 17704 the same as EN 13520?

Yes — technically identical. ISO 17704:2004 was prepared from EN 13520:2001 (including corrigendum EN 13520:2001/AC:2003). The ISO text instructs readers to read "this European Standard" as "this International Standard". National adoptions include BS EN 13520, UNE-EN 13520, ČSN EN 13520, KS M ISO 17704 and GOST R ISO 17704.

Q3. What kind of machine is used?

A Martindale-type abrasion tester. Circular specimens are rubbed against a standard abradant mounted on horizontal abradant tables, following a Lissajous (figure-eight) motion under constant pressure, usually on 4-, 6-, 8- or 9-station instruments.

Q4. Why is abrasion resistance testing important for footwear materials?

Uppers, linings and insocks are the parts that rub against socks, feet, laces, tongues and heel counters during walking. Abrasion shows up as shiny bald patches, pilling, colour loss, coating delamination and finally holes — the most common reason a shoe looks worn out while the sole is still serviceable. The test predicts service life and appearance retention before the product reaches the market.

Q5. Why does ISO 17704 test both wet and dry?

Because materials behave very differently when wet. Water plasticises leather, swells fibres, softens or lubricates finishes and can strip surface coatings. A material that passes dry may fail badly when damp with sweat or rain. That is why the standard runs two stations dry and two wet.

Q6. Why is the result only a rating and not a number?

ISO 17704 grades the damage (none / very slight / slight / moderate / severe / almost complete / complete) at prescribed revolution counts and records whether a hole or bald patch appeared. It deliberately gives no pass/fail limits — acceptance criteria are set by the brand, buyer, or product standard (e.g. EN ISO 20344 §6.12 for safety footwear). This makes it a fitness-for-purpose assessment rather than an absolute measurement.

Q7. Why use a Lissajous motion instead of straight rubbing?

Real wear is multidirectional. The Lissajous figure (60 mm × 60 mm) rubs the surface in all directions, reproducing random omnidirectional scuffing, whereas a unidirectional rub only loads the material along one axis and can miss weak directions such as a knit's course direction.

Q8. How many specimens are needed?

At least two for the dry test and two for the wet test (four in total). For patterned fabrics, more specimens are needed so that each part of the pattern is tested. Woven fabrics must not share the same warp or weft threads between specimens.

Q9. Which industries and products use ISO 17704?

Footwear brands and manufacturers (material qualification, R&D, QC), leather and coated-fabric tanneries, textile mills, safety/PPE footwear certification, third-party testing laboratories, retailer durability programmes (e.g. Intertek High-Performance "Durable" mark: upper dry with abradant paper, lining wet to 25 600 cycles), and EPD/PEFCR footwear durability declarations. It is also used for sports shoes, work boots, children's shoes and shoe components such as tongues and laces area.

Q10. How does it relate to EN ISO 20344?

EN ISO 20344 §6.12 (test methods for safety footwear) specifies abrasion resistance of linings/uppers and is implemented on the Martindale principle; ISO 17704 / EN 13520 is the material-level method commonly cited alongside it for PPE footwear conformity to EN ISO 20345.

Q11. What is the difference between ISO 17704 and ISO 12947?

ISO 12947 is a textile fabric method that usually reports cycles to breakdown, mass loss or appearance change at 9 kPa (apparel) or 12 kPa (upholstery/technical). ISO 17704 is the footwear method: it always uses 12 kPa, adds a mandatory wet-test condition with periodic re-wetting, supports 36-grit abradant paper, and reports a 7-step damage rating at fixed revolution counts.

Q12. What are the most common sources of error?

Uneven or creased specimen clamping; using the wrong face of the abradant fabric; reusing felt that has gone below 2 mm or mixing wet-used felt into dry tests; forgetting to re-wet at the prescribed stages (or spraying water directly onto mounted specimens); inconsistent lighting/judgement when rating damage; wrong pressure (9 kPa vs 12 kPa weights); and worn abradant tables that fail the ± 0.05 mm parallelism check.

Q13. Why choose ISO 17704 Martindale Abrasion Tester | Footwear Wear Test device from UnitedTest?

UnitedTest designs and manufactures Martindale abrasion testers for ISO 17704 / EN 13520 — the international method for determining the wet and dry abrasion resistance of footwear uppers, linings and insocks, irrespective of material. Our instruments reproduce the standard's exact conditions: a 645 mm² exposed specimen area, 12 kPa ± 0.2 kPa contact pressure (795 g ± 5 g), a 60 mm × 60 mm Lissajous motion at 5 rad/s, and the prescribed inspection and re-wetting stages, so your laboratory can rate abrasion, pilling, discolouration and holes exactly as ISO 17704 requires.

UnitedTest ISO 17704‑compliant Martindale abrasion tester is purpose‑built for footwear‑material quality‑control and certification testing. Our equipment strictly implements every critical parameter from ISO 17704: constant 12 kPa test pressure, accurate Lissajous‑figure motion, 645 mm² specimen exposed‑area, parallelism control better than 0.05 mm, high‑precision revolution counter, plus full accessory kits for both dry‑test and wet‑test workflows.

You can test textile uppers, knitted shoe‑materials, synthetic leather, pile linings and insock materials, following the standard’s inspection‑revolution schedule and visual‑damage grading system.

Our testers support equivalent standards including EN 13520, GB/T 3903.16‑2008 for global footwear‑manufacturers, third‑party testing houses, brand QC departments and footwear‑material suppliers.

Why select UnitedTest ISO 17704 abrasion‑testing machine:

100 % aligned with ISO 17704:2004 clause‑by‑clause technical requirements
Complete original‑standard accessory package (abradant fabric, table felt, PU foam backing, pressing mass, wet‑test components)
Multi‑station models (4‑station / 6‑station / 9‑station options for high‑throughput lab work)
Easy calibration points for pressure, parallelism and rotating speed
User‑friendly operation for both dry‑abrasion and complex wet‑abrasion test sequence
Comprehensive technical support for standard interpretation, test‑procedure training and after‑sales service.

Avoid non‑compliant test reports caused by wrong Martindale configuration. Contact UnitedTest for your ISO 17704 footwear‑abrasion‑test‑machine quotation and lab‑solution consultation today.

We offer customization to meet your specific needs. Our expert team will collaborate with you to develop the perfect product for you