ISO 12947-1 Martindale Abrasion Test for textile fabrics | UnitedTest Textile Abrasion Test Machine

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ISO 12947-1 Martindale Abrasion Tester | UnitedTest Textile Abrasion Resistance Machine

UnitedTest manufactures ISO 12947-1 compliant Martindale abrasion testing apparatus for textile fabrics. This standard specifies construction, dimensional and performance requirements for Martindale testers and consumables to ensure consistent, comparable abrasion test results across laboratories, supporting ISO 12947-2, ISO 12947-3 and ISO 12947-4 test procedures.

ISO 12947-1 sets out construction, dimensional, performance and auxiliary material requirements for Martindale abrasion testing apparatus and related consumables. It serves as the hardware specification standard for Martindale testers, ensuring test data measured in different laboratories can be reliably compared, while the practical abrasion test methods are defined in ISO 12947-2, ISO 12947-3 and ISO 12947-4. UnitedTest supplies high-precision Martindale abrasion resistance testers fully meeting ISO 12947-1 requirements for textile quality control.

Core Test purpose / principle

The Martindale tester presses a circular textile specimen against a standard abrasive medium under precisely‑defined vertical load, while driving relative multi‑directional friction following a Lissajous‑figure translational motion path. The specimen holder can rotate freely around its vertical axis, so rubbing occurs in continuously‑changing directions, simulating complex real‑world wear conditions. Abrasion proceeds in repeated rubs and full abrasion cycles. One full abrasion cycle = 16 abrasion rubs (16 revolutions of outer drives, 15 revolutions of the inner drive) to complete one closed Lissajous trajectory. Pre‑set inspection intervals of rubs are used to check wear status.

Test Equipment required of ISO 12947-1 Martindale Abrasion Test for textile fabrics

Martindale abrasion‑testing machine	Composed of base plate, abrading tables, outer/inner drive units, specimen‑holder guide plate, bearing assemblies, and a preset counter (counts abrasion rubs with accuracy of one rub). Outer drives: eccentricity 30.25 ± 0.25 mm, rotational frequency 47.5 ± 2.5 rpm. Inner drive: eccentricity 30.25 ± 0.25 mm, rotational frequency 44.5 ± 2.4 rpm. Drive‑rotation ratio outer:inner = 16:15. Max longitudinal/transverse stroke of guide plate: 60.5 ± 0.5 mm.
Specimen‑holder assembly (corrosion‑resistant metal)	Spindle, holder body, insert, nut. Total assembly mass: 198 ± 2 g. Key dimensional tolerances for bores, shafts and mating faces are defined in the standard drawings
Loading pieces	two weights. Large loading piece brings total mass (holder+weight) to 795 ± 7 g (12 kPa nominal pressure); small loading piece yields total mass 595 ± 7 g (9 kPa nominal pressure). No play is permitted between loading piece and spindle.
Auxiliary consumable materials	Standard woven wool abrasive fabric (minimum diameter 140 mm, with defined fibre diameter, yarn count, mass‑per‑unit‑area). Wool‑felt underlay circles (140 ₀⁺⁵ mm diameter, specified areal mass and thickness). Polyether‑urethane foam underlay (for fabrics < 500 g/m²; diameter 38.0 ₀⁺⁵ mm; defined density and indentation hardness).
Calibration/check tools	feeler gauges, 0.01 mm‑resolution dial gauge, ball‑point pen sleeve for Lissajous‑figure verification, glass plate, pulley‑and‑weight set for holder‑running‑freedom test, thickness‑measuring device for foam‑hardness Annex B test.

Test Specimen Information:

ISO 12947‑1 defines the hardware interfaces for specimens; actual specimen dimensions, cutting, conditioning and preparation are given in ISO 12947‑2/‑3/‑4. The apparatus is validated for these material categoriesISO:

Woven fabrics;
Knitted fabrics;
Pile textiles with pile height up to 2 mm;
Non‑woven textiles.

Specimens are circular, fitted into the specimen holder; foam under‑disk is inserted between specimen and holder insert for lightweight fabrics (< 500 g/m²). Abrasive reference fabric is mounted on the abrading table, backed by wool felt underlay.

Test Parameters & Stipulations

Outer‑drive rotational speed	47.5 ± 2.5 rpm
Inner‑drive rotational speed	44.5 ± 2.4 rpm
Drive‑revolution ratio outer : inner	16 : 15
Abrasion rub (definition): one revolution of outer drives	1 rub
Full abrasion‑cycle length	16 rubs
Two available nominal pressures	9 kPa (595 ± 7 g total mass); 12 kPa (795 ± 7 g total mass)
Maximum stroke of guide‑plate	60.5 ± 0.5 mm
Parallelism tolerance (holder‑insert surface to abrading‑table metal surface)	gap ≤ 0.05 mm
Specimen‑holder assembly bare mass	198 ± 2 g

Auxiliary‑material parameters include wool‑abrasive‑fabric fibre diameter, yarn linear density, fabric mass; felt areal mass and thickness; foam density (30 ± 3 kg/m³) and indentation hardness (5.8 ± 0.8 kPa).

Test Procedures for ISO 12947-1 Martindale Abrasion Test for textile fabrics

ISO 12947‑1 specifies assembly, routine maintenance and mandatory equipment‑checks to guarantee valid abrasion‑test results, rather than the wear‑testing of product samples:

Lissajous‑figure check: White paper is fixed on each abrading table. A pen tip fitted through the spindle traces one full 16‑rub cycle. The resulting pattern must be symmetric with 31 curves, no overlapping or uneven spacing; reject distorted trajectoriesiteh.eu.
Specimen‑holder running‑freedom test: Uses glass plate, domed insert, pulley‑and‑weight setup. The holder must rotate freely under defined small load; high friction means bearings must be cleaned or servicediteh.eu.
Parallelism verification:

Feeler‑gauge check: gap between holder‑insert and abrading‑table metal ≤ 0.05 mm around the circumference.
Dial‑gauge dynamic scan over full Lissajous path: total height variation ≤ 0.05 mm over 16 rubsiteh.eu.

Holder‑assembly dimension check: gap between insert circular surface and nut ring = 1.05 ± 0.1 mm with no samples fitted (Figure 7)iteh.eu.
Auxiliary‑material control: Every new batch of abrasive wool fabric, felt and foam shall be inspected. Comparative abrasion tests with known‑tolerance reference fabrics are required. Defective areas of abrasive fabric cannot be used for tests. Foam must be stored in dark room‑temperature conditionsiteh.eu.
Annex B normative: Test‑method for measuring indentation hardness of the polyether‑urethane foam under‑disk used in the testeriteh.eu.

The machine must be maintained so it continually meets all dimensional and movement tolerances of the standard.

Industry Application Fields

Apparel & fashion — denim, suiting, sportswear, workwear durability claims
Upholstery & contract furnishing — sofa/curtain/wallcovering fabrics; Martindale rub counts are the classic contract specification metric (often tens of thousands of rubs)
Automotive interiors — seat covers, headliners (also Leather/Synthetic Leather via ISO 5470)
Technical & industrial textiles — geotextiles, filtration media, protective clothing
Nonwovens — explicitly in scope
Footwear, luggage, coated/PU‑PVC materials — abrasion of synthetic surfaces
Institutional/military procurement — worth noting: the very copy of the standard you supplied is licensed to the US Defense Supply Center, i.e. this is a routine acceptance criterion in defence textile procurement
R&D — benchmarking finishes, coatings, yarn blends and constructions; and calibration/validation of Martindale testers in third‑party labs

Related Standard:

ISO 12947-1	Textiles - Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method - Part 1: Martindale abrasion testing apparatus
ISO 12947-2	Textiles - Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method - Part 2: Determination of specimen breakdown
ISO 12947-3	Textiles - Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method - Part 3: Determination of mass loss
ISO 12945‑2	pilling & fuzzing on the modified Martindale apparatus — same machine family, different end point
ISO 5470-1	Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics - Determination of abrasion resistance - Part 1: Taber abrader
ISO 5470-2	Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics. Determination of abrasion resistance. Martindale abrader
ASTM D4966	Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method).
ASTM D4970	Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
GB/T 21196.1	Textiles-Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method-Part 1:Martindale abrasion testing apparatus
JIS L 1096, M&S P19	other commonly referenced abrasion/pilling methods
GBT 4802.2	Textiles - Determination of fabric propensity to surface fuzzing and to pilling - Part 2: Modified Martindale method

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Martindale Abrasion Tester simulates real-world wear and friction in a controlled, accelerated manner to predict a material's durability and appearance retention over time. suitable for testing the abrasion resistance and pilling tendency of knitted fabrics, woolen fabrics.

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Vice Tensile test fixture for plastics is based on the test standatd ASTM D638, determination of the tensile properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics in the form of standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, speed.

Q1. What is ISO 12947‑1?

ISO 12947‑1:1998 is the first part of the ISO 12947 series, titled Textiles — Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method — Part 1: Martindale abrasion testing apparatus. It defines the design, tolerances and verification of the Martindale abrasion tester plus the specification of its auxiliary materials (wool abradant, felt, foam).

Q2. Is ISO 12947‑1 a test method I can run on a fabric?

No — and this is the most common misunderstanding. Part 1 is the equipment and consumable specification ("the hardware norm"). The actual fabric tests are:

Part 2 (ISO 12947‑2:2016) — rubs to specimen breakdown
Part 3 (ISO 12947‑3) — mass loss
Part 4 (ISO 12947‑4) — appearance change

Part 1 exists so that a "40 000 rubs" result from one lab means the same thing as one from another lab.

Q3. Which materials are covered?

Woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, pile textiles with pile height ≤ 2 mm, and nonwovens. Coated/laminated fabrics are not covered — they go to the ISO 5470 series (5470‑2 uses a Martindale abrader).

Q4. What is a "rub", a "cycle" and a "Lissajous figure"?

Abrasion rub = one revolution of the two outer drives.
Abrasion cycle = the complete Lissajous figure = 16 rubs (16 outer revolutions : 15 inner revolutions).
Lissajous figure = a path that goes circle → narrowing ellipses → straight line → widening ellipses in the opposite diagonal → repeats.

Q5. 9 kPa or 12 kPa — which do I choose?

Industry convention: 9 kPa for apparel fabrics, 12 kPa for upholstery / decorative / contract fabrics. Whichever you use must be stated in the test report, because results at different pressures are not comparable.

Q6. What specimen sizes are used?

Specimen Ø 38 mm (holder insert Ø 38,10 mm); abradant ≥ 140 mm; felt Ø 140 ⁺⁵₀ mm; foam Ø 38,0 ⁺⁵₀ mm — foam only when fabric < 500 g·m⁻². Conditioning: ISO 139 standard atmosphere (20 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5 % RH); sampling per ISO 2859‑1.

Q7. What consumables does the standard require?

Material	Key requirements
Wool abradant	Plain woven wool; 27,5 ± 2,0 µm (warp) / 29,0 ± 2,0 µm (weft) fibre diameter; R63/R74 tex/2; Z 540/500 tpm singles, S 450/350 tpm two‑fold; 175 ± 10 threads/10 cm; 215 ± 10 g·m⁻²; oil content 0,8 ± 0,3 %
Woven wool felt	750 ± 50 g·m⁻²; thickness 2,5 ± 0,5 mm; Ø 140 ⁺⁵₀ mm
Polyetherurethane foam	thickness 3 ± 1 mm; density 30 ± 3 kg·m⁻³; indentation hardness 5,8 ± 0,8 kPa; Ø 38 ⁺⁵₀ mm; stored dark at room temperature

Q8. Why must consumables be checked on every new delivery?

Because batch changes shift results more than fabric differences do. Clause 6.4 requires checking properties on every delivery and running comparative tests with internal "tolerance" fabrics of known history. Abradant with faults or visible surface differences must be discarded.

Q9. Why is this test important for a material?

Abrasion is the dominant real-world failure mode of textiles — cuffs, collars, seat covers and workwear wear out long before they tear.
It converts durability into a purchasable number ("≥ 30 000 Martindale rubs at 12 kPa"), which is how contract furniture, automotive and uniform specifications are written.
It enables objective comparison of constructions, yarns, finishes and coatings during R&D.
Part 1's tight tolerances are what make that number reproducible between laboratories — without them, two labs can report very different rub counts for identical fabric.

Q10. What are typical Martindale rub-count targets?

The standard does not set pass/fail limits; the specifier does. Commonly used industry benchmarks: ≈ 15 000 rubs for domestic upholstery (e.g. QB/T 1952.1 sofa standard in China), ≥ 30 000–40 000 rubs for commercial/contract seating, and much lower values for lightweight apparel. Always confirm the target with the applicable product or buyer standard.

Q11. Which industries rely on it?

Apparel & workwear, upholstery and contract furnishing, automotive interiors, technical/industrial textiles (geotextiles, filtration, protective clothing), nonwovens, footwear and luggage materials — plus defence and government procurement (Martindale abrasion appears in military textile acceptance specs).

Q12. What are the most common causes of poor reproducibility?

Worn bearings or friction in the holder, wrong or uncalibrated loading pieces, drifted Lissajous figure, non-parallel abrading table, uncontrolled consumable batches, incorrect foam use on heavy fabrics, unconditioned specimens, and mixing methods (Part 2 vs 3 vs 4) or pressures in the same comparison.

Q13. Why choose ISO 12947‑1 Compliant Martindale Abrasion Tester from UnitedTest?

UnitedTest manufactures ISO 12947‑1‑compliant Martindale abrasion testers for measuring fabric abrasion resistance. Suitable for woven, knit, non‑woven and low‑pile textiles. Full machine‑verification support for QC laboratories, upholstery, automotive‑textile and apparel industries.

UnitedTest is a professional manufacturer of Martindale abrasion and pilling testing instruments built to fully satisfy ISO 12947‑1 international standard requirements. Our Martindale abrasion tester is designed for textile quality‑control laboratories, textile factories, upholstery producers, automotive‑interior textile manufacturers and third‑party testing institutes worldwide.

ISO 12947‑1 defines strict mechanical requirements for Martindale testing apparatus: Lissajous‑figure movement trajectory, accurate drive‑unit speed ratio (16:15), precise loading‑piece weights for 9 kPa / 12 kPa test pressures, parallelism tolerances, and compatibility with standard wool abrasive fabric, wool‑felt and polyurethane foam auxiliary materials. UnitedTest Martindale testers pass full dimensional and motion‑verification according to ISO 12947‑1 normative clauses and Annex A for Lissajous‑figure inspection.

Our machines support the complete ISO 12947 test series: - ISO 12947‑2 specimen‑breakdown test - ISO 12947‑3 mass‑loss abrasion test - ISO 12947‑4 appearance‑change evaluation - Also compatible with ISO 12945‑2 modified‑Martindale pilling‑resistance testing

UnitedTest Martindale abrasion testers are applicable for woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, non‑wovens and pile textiles with pile height ≤ 2 mm. It simulates multi‑direction real‑world fabric friction wear, helping you evaluate textile durability for sofa upholstery, garment fabrics, home textiles and automotive interior materials.

Each UnitedTest Martindale tester is supplied with calibration guidance for performing ISO 12947‑1 mandatory checks: Lissajous‑figure trace test, specimen‑holder running‑freedom test, parallelism verification and weight‑accuracy validation. We also provide matching standard auxiliary consumables (wool abrasive fabric, felt underlay, foam discs) to keep your lab fully compliant with ISO 12947‑1 requirements.

We offer customization to meet your specific needs. Our expert team will collaborate with you to develop the perfect product for you