ISO 12945-2 Martindale Pilling Test for Fabric Pilling, Fuzzing & Matting

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ISO 12945-2 Modified Martindale Pilling Tester | UnitedTest Textile Pilling Resistance Machine

UnitedTest manufactures ISO 12945-2 compliant modified Martindale pilling testers for textiles. This standard outlines the test method to evaluate fabric pilling, fuzzing and matting propensity, delivering results that correlate with real end-use wear performance of textile materials.

ISO 12945-2 describes the modified Martindale test method to assess textile fabrics’ tendency to develop pilling, fuzzing and matting. The grading from this test reflects the surface change propensity fabrics may experience under actual wearing conditions. UnitedTest provides reliable modified Martindale pilling testing instruments fully conforming to ISO 12945-2 for textile quality inspection and R&D.

Key definitions

Pill	Fibres entangled into balls standing proud of the fabric, dense enough that light will not penetrate and they cast a shadow
Pilling	Generation of pills over the fabric surface
Fuzzing	Roughing up / teasing out of surface fibres causing a visible surface change
Matting	Disorientation of the raised fibres of a napped fabric, causing a visible surface change
Pilling rub	One revolution of the two outer drives
Pilling cycle	A complete Lissajous figure = 16 pilling rubs (16 revolutions of the outer drives + 15 of the inner drive)

Core Test purpose / principle

A circular test specimen is rubbed against a friction surface — normally the same fabric, or for certain cases (e.g. upholstery) a wool abradant fabric — under a defined force, following a Lissajous figure. The specimen is free to rotate easily about an axis through its centre, perpendicular to its plane. Fuzzing, pilling and matting are assessed visually after defined stages of rub testing.

The Lissajous path is the classic Martindale motion: it starts as a circle, narrows through ellipses to a straight line, then widens again in the diagonally opposite direction before repeating — giving multi-directional rubbing rather than unidirectional abrasion.

Test Equipment required of ISO 12945-2 Martindale Pilling Test for Fabric Pilling, Fuzzing & Matting

Martindale abrasion‑testing machine

This is a modified Martindale abrasion tester, derived from the base machine defined in ISO 12947-1.

Major components:

Modified Martindale abrasion machine with base plate, two outer synchronized drive units and one central drive unit. Drive offset = 12 ± 0.25 mm; maximum travel stroke: 24 ± 0.5 mm.
Presettable counter, counting pilling rubs with accuracy of 1 rub.
Pilling tables, clamping rings and clamping fixtures for holding abradant materials.
Specimen holder assembly: holder body, holder ring, guide spindle. Bare holder assembly mass: 155 ± 1 g.
Additional stainless‑steel loading disc: mass 260 ± 1 g. Combined total mass (holder + disc): 415 ± 2 g. Two load levels are available for different fabric categories.
Auxiliary mounting fixture for wrinkle‑free specimen installation.
Table‑mounting weight (2.5 ± 0.5 kg, diameter 120 ± 10 mm) for tensioning bottom abradant samples.
Supporting felt discs: top felt Ø 90 ± 1 mm; bottom felt Ø 140 ₀⁺⁵ mm, complying with ISO 12947‑1 requirements.

ISO 12945-2 Martindale Pilling Test for Fabric Pilling, Fuzzing

Test Specimen Information:

Sampling	Evenly spaced across the fabric width, or from three different panels of a garment; staggered so no two specimens contain the same yarns; avoid wrinkles/distortions; not closer to the selvedge than 1/10 of the fabric width; handle with minimal tension
Specimen for the holder	Disc of (140 ⁺⁵) mm diameter. Edges may be secured (glue, tape) if fibre/yarn loosening would interfere with the friction zone
Specimen for the pilling table	(140 ⁺⁵) mm diameter or (150 ± 2) mm in both length and width
Number of specimens	At least 3 sets (1 set = 1 holder specimen + 1 table specimen). If wool abradant is used on the table, at least 3 holder specimens of the test fabric. If more than 3 → use an odd number. Plus one extra untested specimen for comparative assessment

Test Parameters & Stipulations

Two applied load masses:

Light load: 155 ± 1 g (for knitted upholstery fabrics)
Heavy load: 415 ± 2 g (for woven upholstery and general upholstery)

Standard assessment pilling‑rub stages: 125, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 7000 rubs.

Minimum test duration for woven/knitted upholstery fabrics: 2000 rubs.
Early termination is permitted if grade 4‑5 or better is observed at an agreed intermediate stage. Testing up to 7000 rubs delivers better real‑wear correlation, as pills formed at 2000 rubs may wear away under further rubbing.

Test Procedures for ISO 12945-2 Martindale Pilling Test for Fabric Pilling, Fuzzing & Matting

Pre‑check the Martindale instrument against ISO 12947-1 requirements. Inspect supporting felt after every test; replace soiled or worn felt. Wool abradant must be renewed after each single test run. Special care is needed for lightweight knits to avoid specimen stretching.
Mount top specimen onto specimen holder with auxiliary fixture to guarantee uniform tension and zero folds. Fit loading weight disc when specified by fabric category.
Lay bottom felt and abradant sample onto pilling table, apply mounting weight, secure by clamping ring.
Run the machine to reach the first predefined rubbing‑rub stage. Perform visual grading without detaching specimens; clear loose surface debris for observation. If fibre‑binding jamming occurs between top‑bottom samples and visual evaluation becomes impossible, report results achieved up to the last valid stage and note the binding failure. Continue testing and grading sequentially for all subsequent rub‑count stages until final stage completion.
Grading assessment: Visual evaluation of pilling, fuzzing and matting strictly follows ISO 12945‑4. Instrument‑based assessment is additionally allowed when contracting parties reach agreement.
Result calculation: Record individual grade for each specimen for pilling, fuzzing and matting separately. Compute arithmetic mean, rounded to nearest half‑grade. For three‑specimen testing, inter‑specimen variation shall not exceed half a grade; report every individual grade if variation exceeds this threshold.
Test report shall cover standard reference number, sample description, pretreatment details, specimen quantity, abradant type, applied load mass, grades for each rubbing‑rub stage, test date, deviations from protocol and abnormal observations (e.g. pills found on abradant material).

Industry Application Fields

ISO 12945-2 is one of the most frequently specified appearance-retention tests in the textile chain:

Apparel & fashion — woven and knitted fabrics for shirts, knitwear, suits, sportswear, uniforms; typically the default pilling method specified for knits.
Upholstery & contract furnishing — the only category that uses the wool abradant and the heavier 415 g load.
Home textiles — bedding, blankets, curtains, carpets/rugs and other napped surfaces (where matting grading matters).
Automotive & transport interiors — seat cover fabrics and interior textiles.
Technical/workwear and outerwear — especially blends and fleece/napped constructions.
Users: fibre and yarn producers, fabric mills and finishers, garment brands and retailers (buying specs / QC acceptance), third-party testing labs, and R&D for fibre selection, yarn twist, fabric tightness, singeing/biopolishing/enzyme finishing, and wash-and-wear claim substantiation.

Related Standard:

ISO 12947-1	Textiles - Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method - Part 1: Martindale abrasion testing apparatus
ISO 12947-2	Textiles - Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method - Part 2: Determination of specimen breakdown
ISO 12947-3	Textiles - Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method - Part 3: Determination of mass loss
ISO 12945‑2	pilling & fuzzing on the modified Martindale apparatus — same machine family, different end point
ISO 5470-1	Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics - Determination of abrasion resistance - Part 1: Taber abrader
ISO 5470-2	Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics. Determination of abrasion resistance. Martindale abrader
ASTM D4966	Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method).
ASTM D4970	Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
GB/T 21196.1	Textiles-Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method-Part 1:Martindale abrasion testing apparatus
JIS L 1076	(Japan) — pilling test methods
GBT 4802.2	Textiles - Determination of fabric propensity to surface fuzzing and to pilling - Part 2: Modified Martindale method

Importance of ISO 12945‑2 Test for Textile Materials

Pilling, fuzzing and matting are major undesirable surface defects generated during fabric wearing and cleaning. Pills are fibre entanglements protruding from fabric surfaces, impairing visual appearance and consumer perceived quality. Fuzzing creates rough fuzzy surface; matting disturbs pile orientation for napped fabrics.

Fibre strength, yarn construction and fabric weave/knit structure jointly govern three competing dynamic processes: fibre entanglement (pill formation), new surface‑fibre exposure, and pill/fibre wear‑off. The modified‑Martindale test accelerates these wear‑related mechanisms and ranks fabrics matching real‑world end‑use pilling tendency, even though it cannot perfectly duplicate every real‑life wear condition.

Provides repeatable laboratory quantitative‑grading data for manufacturers, buyers and certification bodies. Supports fabric formulation development, quality‑control incoming inspection, product‑performance specification setting, and compliance verification for upholstery and apparel textile products.

It enables comparison between different textile lots or competing fabric products, and defines acceptance thresholds for commercial textile specifications.

Keywords: ISO 12945-2 pilling tester, modified Martindale pilling tester, textile pilling resistance tester, fabric fuzzing test machine, fabric matting test, Martindale pilling test equipment, textile surface pilling test, knitted fabric pilling tester, woven fabric pilling test, textile quality control, fabric wear performance test, UnitedTest pilling tester, textile lab testing machine, fabric pilling propensity measurement

Martindale Abrasion Tester simulates real-world wear and friction in a controlled, accelerated manner to predict a material's durability and appearance retention over time. suitable for testing the abrasion resistance and pilling tendency of knitted fabrics, woolen fabrics.

A single column tensile tester is a sophisticated material testing instrument designed for measuring mechanical properties of various materials under tension, compression, bending, shear, and other loading conditions. As the name suggests, it features a single vertical column supporting a moving crosshead that applies force to test specimens.

Vice Tensile test fixture for plastics is based on the test standatd ASTM D638, determination of the tensile properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics in the form of standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, speed.

Q1: What is ISO 12945‑2:2020 test, and why is this test important for textile materials?

A: ISO 12945‑2:2020 is the international standard for testing fabric pilling, fuzzing and matting propensity using modified Martindale equipment. Pilling, fuzzing and matting are common undesirable surface defects generated during wearing, washing or dry‑cleaning. Pills are tangled fibre balls sticking out from fabric; fuzzing creates rough fuzzy surfaces; matting disturbs pile alignment for napped fabrics. This test simulates real‑life friction wear in laboratory conditions and ranks fabrics according to real‑world pilling tendency. It delivers repeatable grading data for R&D, incoming quality control, product specification and commercial compliance for apparel and upholstery textiles.

Q2: What is the difference between ISO 12945‑2 and original Martindale abrasion test ISO 12947‑1?

A: ISO 12947‑1 is the base standard for Martindale abrasion‑resistance test, measuring how many rub cycles cause fabric breakthrough or hole formation. ISO 12945‑2 modifies the same machine hardware for pilling evaluation: it runs Lissajous‑pattern rubbing at defined load levels and stops at multiple intermediate rub‑count stages for visual surface grading, instead of testing until fabric damage. Motion mechanism shares the same hardware, but test purpose, load selection, rub‑stop stages and assessment rules are totally different.

Q3: What are the two load weights defined in ISO 12945‑2, when should I use each?

A: Two standard loading masses:

155 ± 1 g: light load, applied for knitted upholstery fabrics (Category 3a).
415 ± 2 g: heavy load (holder + 260 g extra weight disc), for woven upholstery fabrics and general upholstery (Category 1 & 2a). Always select load according to Annex A test category of your textile type; do not arbitrarily apply heavier or lighter weight.

Q4: Which abradant shall I choose, self‑fabric or wool abradant fabric?

For most woven / knitted fabrics: use same‑fabric (face‑to‑face self‑fabric) as abradant.
For upholstery category 1: must use standard wool abradant fabric. The selected abradant type must be clearly recorded on the final test report. Wool abradant shall be replaced after every single test run.

Q5: What are standard assessment rub‑count stages for ISO 12945‑2? Can I stop test early?

A: Standard assessment rub‑stages: 125, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 7000 pilling rubs. For category 2a & 3a woven/knitted upholstery fabrics, minimum required test duration is 2000 rubs. You can terminate testing early only if grade 4‑5 or better grade is observed at agreed intermediate rub‑count. Note: Trials show pills formed at 2000 rubs may wear away after further rubbing to 7000 rubs; testing up to 7000 rubs gives better correlation with real‑wear performance.

Q6: How many test specimens are required for ISO 12945‑2 test?

A: Minimum 3 complete specimen sets. One full set contains one top specimen for holder plus one bottom abradant sample on pilling table. If wool abradant is used for bottom table, prepare minimum three top test specimens of the fabric under test. If you test more than three samples, total number must be odd. Prepare one extra un‑tested reference specimen for visual comparison grading during assessment.

Q7: What does “pilling rub” and “pilling cycle” mean in ISO 12945‑2?

Pilling rub: One revolution of two outer drives of modified Martindale machine.
Pilling cycle: Complete Lissajous movement trace = 16 pilling rubs. The machine counter counts pilling rubs (revolutions of outer drive), not cycles. All test‑stage numbers in Annex A are given in pilling rubs, not cycles.

Q8: How to perform grading for pilling, fuzzing and matting after rubbing test?

A: Visual assessment strictly follows ISO 12945‑4:2020, which defines grading rules, reference images and half‑grade resolution. Instrumental assessment is permitted only when all contracting parties make prior agreement. Record separate grades for pilling, fuzzing and matting for every specimen. Average result shall round to nearest half‑grade. If variation among three specimens exceeds half‑grade, report each individual grade instead of only mean value.

Q9: What if fibre binding/jamming occurs between top and bottom specimens during test?

A: When fibres interlock and bind between upper and lower specimens so visual evaluation cannot proceed, you should report test results obtained up to last valid assessment stage and add remark: “due to binding between fabrics, the test specimen cannot be assessed”. Do not force‑continue testing for that specimen station.

Q10: What pre‑conditioning requirement for specimens before ISO 12945‑2 testing?

A: Specimens and abradant shall be conditioned under ISO 139 standard textile atmosphere for at least 16 hours before starting test. If washing or dry‑cleaning pretreatment is needed, follow ISO 6330 or ISO 3175‑series procedures; without agreed pretreatment condition, test fabrics “as‑received” status.

Q11: What is the main change from old ISO 12945‑2:2000 to current 2020 edition?

A: Major technical revision in 2020 version: visual evaluation of pilling, fuzzing AND matting is fully aligned with separate standard ISO 12945‑4:2020. Old 2000 edition only covered pilling and fuzzing; matting assessment for napped fabrics is newly added in the 2020 second edition.

Q12: How ISO 12945‑2 differs from ISO 12945‑1 (pilling‑box) and ISO 12945‑3 (random tumble)?

ISO 12945‑1 (Pilling box): specimens tumble inside cork‑lined box, simulating loose rubbing, widely for knitted apparel.
ISO 12945‑2 (Modified Martindale): controlled Lissajous planar friction with defined load; preferred for upholstery fabrics.
ISO 12945‑3 (Random tumble): high‑speed tumble inside perforated drum. Each method creates different mechanical action; test results from different parts cannot be directly cross‑compared. End‑use application determines which standard to adopt.

Q13: What items must be included in ISO 12945‑2 formal test report?

A: Mandatory report items: standard reference ISO 12945‑2:2020, sample description, pretreatment details, specimen quantity, abradant type, applied load mass, individual grades & rounded mean grades for each rub‑count stage, test date, deviation notes, unusual observations such as pills found on abradant surface.

Q14: Why supporting felt needs periodic replacement during repeated ISO 12945‑2 testing?

A: Top and bottom supporting felt must satisfy thickness and mass requirements in ISO 12947‑1. Replace felt once it shows compression, uneven thickness, soiling or wear after each pilling test. Degraded felt causes uneven pressure distribution and produces unreliable pilling test grades.

Q15: Why choose ISO 12945‑2 Modified Martindale Pilling Tester from UnitedTest Manufacturer

A: UnitedTest manufactures high‑precision ISO 12945‑2:2020 Modified Martindale Pilling Tester for textile lab testing. Test fabric pilling, fuzzing & matting for woven, knitted and upholstery fabrics. Compliant with ISO 12947‑1, ISO 12945‑4 standards. OEM & after‑sales support available.

UnitedTest is a professional manufacturer of textile physical testing instruments. Our Modified Martindale Pilling Tester fully complies with ISO 12945‑2:2020 international standard, designed to evaluate fabric propensity to pilling, fuzzing and matting for woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, furniture upholstery and home‑textile materials.

Different from conventional Martindale abrasion testers, UnitedTest’s ISO 12945‑2 model implements the special Lissajous‑figure motion, accurate pilling‑rub counter, dual‑load configuration (155 g / 415 g), and complete auxiliary mounting fixtures specified by ISO 12945‑2:2020. It supports both self‑fabric‑to‑fabric rubbing and standard wool abradant test for upholstery textiles.

This pilling tester enables multi‑stage stop‑at‑rub‑count testing (125 / 500 /1000 /2000 /5000 /7000 rubs), matching normative Annex A test categories, and works together with ISO 12945‑4 visual grading workflow for reliable, repeatable lab‑test results.

UnitedTest Martindale pilling test equipment is widely used in textile QC laboratories, garment factories, upholstery furniture manufacturers, third‑party testing institutes and textile R&D centres. Our machine also meets related standards including ISO 12947‑1, ISO 12945‑4. We supply multi‑station models, provide factory calibration, operation training, spare‑parts supply and global after‑sales service. Contact UnitedTest for quotation and technical consultation for ISO 12945‑2 textile pilling test solution.

Short bullet‑point product highlights (for side bar / product feature block)

✅ Fully compliant with ISO 12945‑2:2020 (Modified Martindale pilling test)

✅ Dual‑load system: 155 ± 1 g & 415 ± 2 g for different fabric categories

✅ High‑accuracy counter for pilling‑rub counting (1 rub resolution)

✅ Complete set of accessories: pilling tables, clamping rings, mounting auxiliary device, mounting weight, supporting felt discs

✅ Supports self‑fabric abradant and wool abradant for upholstery fabrics

✅ Multi‑station custom options for high‑volume textile lab testing

✅ UnitedTest original manufacturer: calibration, training and global after‑sales support

We offer customization to meet your specific needs. Our expert team will collaborate with you to develop the perfect product for you

ISO 12945-2 Martindale Pilling Test for Fabric Pilling, Fuzzing & Matting

Importance of ISO 12945‑2 Test for Textile Materials

Q1: What is ISO 12945‑2:2020 test, and why is this test important for textile materials?

Q2: What is the difference between ISO 12945‑2 and original Martindale abrasion test ISO 12947‑1?

Q3: What are the two load weights defined in ISO 12945‑2, when should I use each?

Q4: Which abradant shall I choose, self‑fabric or wool abradant fabric?

Q5: What are standard assessment rub‑count stages for ISO 12945‑2? Can I stop test early?

Q6: How many test specimens are required for ISO 12945‑2 test?

Q7: What does “pilling rub” and “pilling cycle” mean in ISO 12945‑2?