ISO 12947-2 Fabric Breakdown Abrasion Testing by Martindale Abrasion Tester

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ISO 12947-2 Martindale Abrasion Tester | Fabric Abrasion Resistance Machine - UnitedTest

UnitedTest manufactures ISO 12947-2 Martindale abrasion testing machines for textile fabric abrasion resistance, measuring rub cycles until specimen breakdown for woven, knitted, pile, flocked and nonwoven textiles.

ISO 12947-2 specifies the Martindale method for determining textile fabric abrasion resistance by counting abrasion cycles before specimen breakdown. A circular fabric sample is clamped under specified load and rubbed against standard wool abradant following a Lissajous motion path. Clear failure criteria are defined: two broken threads for woven fabrics, one broken thread for knits, complete wear for pile and flocked fabrics, and a minimum 2.5 mm hole for nonwovens, delivering repeatable, lab-comparable results widely used for upholstery and contract textile durability requirements.

Core Test purpose / principle

A circular specimen is mounted in a specimen holder, placed under a defined load, and rubbed against an abrasive medium (standard woven wool abradant) in a translational movement tracing a Lissajous figure; the holder is additionally free to rotate about its own axis perpendicular to the specimen plane. Abrasion resistance is derived from the inspection interval at which breakdown of the specimen is observed.

Key rules of the principle:

Specimens are mounted with foam backing; specimens of ≥500 g/m² are mounted without foam.
Pile fabrics tested without foam receive a specified preparatory treatment (7.5.2).
The number of rubs recorded is the last interval at which breakdown was not yet observed — i.e. the upper limit of the pre-breakdown period and the lower limit of the breakdown interval.
Testing continues up to breakdown.

Test Equipment required of ISO 12947-2 Fabric Breakdown Abrasion Testing

Martindale abrasion‑testing machine	as specified in ISO 12947-1 — including specimen holders, spindles, loading weights, abrading tables, clamping rings.
Template	Rigid transparent mask with a (2.5 ± 0.1) mm‑diameter viewing hole (~4.9 mm² inspection area), used to check worn‑off regions and holes in specimens.
Magnifying device	8× or 10× magnification, for identifying fully broken yarns and loops.
Stretch‑fabric mounting device	Square 45.0 ± 0.1 mm mounting table, clamps and 100 ± 2.5 g weights per clamp (total 400 ± 10 g), to mount elastic fabrics under slight controlled tension before cutting test discs.
Auxiliary consumables	Standard woven wool abradant fabric; Woven wool felt substrate for abrading tables; Foam backing discs for specimen holders; 2.5 ± 0.5 kg pressing weight (120 ± 10 mm diameter) for securing abradant‑felt assemblies.

Test Specimen Information:

At least 3 test specimens; for patterned/textured fabrics at least 2 specimens per different design/texture area (up to ~9 patterns can be covered).
Specimens taken ≥100 mm from the sample edge, or ≥150 mm from the selvedge for full-width samples.
Woven: each specimen must contain different warp and weft threads; knitted: different wales and courses; include weak spots (e.g. floats).

Element	Minimum dimension
Test specimen	Ø ≥ 38 mm (placed wrinkle-free in the holder nut)
Abradant (standard woven wool)	≥140 mm diameter or length & width (must cover the felt)
Abradant felt substrate (woven wool felt)	≥140 mm diameter (covers the abrading table)
Specimen-holder foam backing	Ø ≥ 38 mm

Test Parameters & Stipulations

Load / nominal pressure	(795 ± 7) g → 12 kPa: workwear, upholstery, bed linen, technical fabrics; (595 ± 7) g → 9 kPa: apparel and household textiles (excluding upholstery & bed linen)
Motion	Lissajous figure, holder freely rotatable
Colour-change check	Optional, after 6 000 rubs, per ISO 105-A02
Inspection intervals (Table 2)	Every 1 000 rubs up to 6 000 → every 2 000 rubs 6 001–20 000 → every 5 000 rubs 20 001–50 000 → every 10 000 rubs above 50 000 (reduced steps allowed by agreement, not below 1 000)
Abradant renewal	New abradant at the start of every test; renew every 50 000 rubs for tests >50 000
Test termination	Until all specimens reach breakdown, or at an agreed maximum / 100 000 rubs

Inspection interval steps (rub cycles)

Rub‑count range	Interval step	Evaluation points
0‑6 000	Every 1 000 rubs	1 000, 2 000…6 000
6 001‑20 000	Every 2 000 rubs	8 000, 10 000…20 000
20 001‑50 000	Every 5 000 rubs	25 000, 30 000…50 000
> 50 001	Every 10 000 rubs	60 000, 70 000 onward

Test Procedures for ISO 12947-2 Fabric Breakdown Abrasion Testing

Mount abradant and wool felt centrally on each abrading table, secured by clamping ring after compression using the 2.5 kg pressing weight; check no cut edges sit inside the clamping‑ring working area.
Mount prepared specimen in specimen holder (wear‑side down). Fit foam backing for fabrics ≤ 2500 g/m². Tighten holder assembly; visually verify central positioning with no cut edges exposed in the holder aperture. Remount if mis‑aligned.
Install specimen holders to machine spindles, fit the required loading weights, start abrasion cycles according to the chosen interval sequence.
Stop the machine upon completion of each interval. Remove holders, gently blow or softly brush loose fibre debris without damaging specimen yarns; do not remove pills. Inspect for specimen breakdown using magnifier and template as required. Record visible intermediate changes (partial pile wear, loop damage, colour change assessed at 6 000 rubs per ISO 105‑A02 if needed) and corresponding rub count. If no breakdown, reassemble and resume testing.
Stop test when breakdown criterion is met for a specimen, or upon pre‑agreed maximum rub limit. Record for each specimen the rub number of the last interval before breakdown was observed. The quoted final test result is the lowest individual value among replicate specimens.
Complete the formal test report covering standard reference, sample description, applied load/pressure, pre‑treatments, backing‑foam usage, fabric type and endpoint criteria, individual results, reported final value, observed visual changes, deviations from procedure and stopping‑limit information.

Industry Application Fields

Upholstery & contract furniture — the single most cited durability number; thresholds commonly run 15 000 (light domestic) → 25 000 (heavy domestic) → 30 000 (light contract) → 50 000–60 000 (hotel lobbies, restaurant/office seating) → 80 000–100 000+ (heavy/severe contract) . Methods to ISO 12947-2 are the expected norm in UK/EU specification .
Apparel & workwear — 9 kPa/595 g for clothing; 12 kPa/795 g for workwear and PPE.
Home textiles & bedding — bed linen tested at 12 kPa.
Automotive & transport interiors — seat covers, headliners, transit seating.
Hospitality, healthcare, marine interiors, nonwovens and technical textiles.

Related Standard:

ISO 12947-1	Textiles - Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method - Part 1: Martindale abrasion testing apparatus
ISO 12947-2	Textiles - Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method - Part 2: Determination of specimen breakdown
ISO 12947-3	Textiles - Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method - Part 3: Determination of mass loss
ISO 12945‑2	pilling & fuzzing on the modified Martindale apparatus — same machine family, different end point
ISO 5470-1	Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics - Determination of abrasion resistance - Part 1: Taber abrader
ISO 5470-2	Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics. Determination of abrasion resistance. Martindale abrader
ASTM D4966	Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method).
ASTM D4970	Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
GB/T 21196.3	Textiles-Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method-Part 3:Determination of mass loss
JIS L 1096, M&S P19	other commonly referenced abrasion/pilling methods
GBT 4802.2	Textiles - Determination of fabric propensity to surface fuzzing and to pilling - Part 2: Modified Martindale method

Why This Test Matters for the Material

Abrasion is the dominant in-service failure mode. Seats, cuffs, collars and heavy-traffic surfaces rarely fail by tearing; they fail by progressive surface wear — yarn rupture, pile flattening/denudation, hole formation. Martindale reproduces that mechanism in a controlled, multi-directional way (Lissajous motion ≈ real multi-directional rubbing, unlike a linear rub test).
It converts "durability" into an objective, comparable number. Because the end-point is defined inside the standard (thread count, worn-off area, hole size) rather than by subjective judgement, two laboratories can produce comparable results — essential for tenders, certifications and supply contracts (e.g. EN 14465 / DGM ≥30 000 cycles) .
It is a material-development tool. The rub count directly reflects fibre type, yarn twist/linear density, weave/knit construction, fabric mass, pile height, finishes and coatings — so it lets mills and brands compare constructions, blends and finishing routes quantitatively before committing to production.
It de-risks specification and warranty. Under-specifying leads to premature wear, complaints and claims; over-specifying inflates cost and weight. Martindale data let specifiers match duty class (domestic → severe contract) to the right fabric.
It protects brand and compliance. Procurement specs, retailer requirements and furniture quality marks almost always name a Martindale figure; a documented ISO 12947-2 certificate is the evidence

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Q1: What is ISO 12947-2 test?

A1: ISO 12947-2 is a Martindale abrasion test method that counts abrasion cycles until the test specimen reaches the breakdown endpoint (thread rupture). It is different from mass loss (ISO 12947-3) or appearance change evaluation (ISO 12947-4). It uses the Martindale machine defined in ISO 12947-1 to perform Lissajous-pattern rubbing under specified load.

Q2: Why is ISO 12947-2 important for textile materials?

A2: It gives a clear failure threshold instead of only weight loss or visual scoring. Manufacturers can verify whether upholstery, apparel, automotive textiles and home fabrics will develop holes or broken threads under repeated friction during real use. It supports product specification, buyer approval, quality control and compliance with tender or certification requirements, and reduces after-sale complaints about premature fabric perforation.

Q3: What is the pass/fail endpoint for ISO 12947-2?

A3: The test stops when the specified breakdown criterion occurs: normally when two or more warp or weft threads are broken through the specimen surface. The result is reported as the number of rub cycles at breakdown. Inspection is done at preset cycle intervals, not only at the final run.

Q4: What is the difference between ISO 12947-1 and ISO 12947-2?

A4: ISO 12947-1 defines the hardware: Martindale tester structure, holders, abradant, dimensions and loading requirements. ISO 12947-2 defines the test procedure, conditioning, inspection rules and breakdown evaluation method using that apparatus. ISO 12947-1 is the machine standard; ISO 12947-2 is the test method for specimen failure.

Q5. Why is a Lissajous (figure-of-eight-like) motion used instead of a straight back-and-forth rub?

A5: Real wear on a garment or a seat is multi-directional. The Lissajous path constantly changes abrasion direction relative to warp, weft and pile, so it reproduces in-service wear far better than a single-direction linear rub.

Q6: What test load and stroke length apply to ISO 12947-2?

A6: Common standard load is 12 kPa on the specimen. The Martindale runs with a 60 mm Lissajous stroke path. Load can be adjusted according to fabric type and buyer specification, but the breakdown judging rule follows Part 2 strictly.

Q7: What specimens and abradant are used?

A7: Circular fabric specimens are cut from production rolls, conditioned in standard atmosphere (ISO 139). The rubbing abradant is standard worsted wool fabric. Multiple replicate specimens are required to calculate the average breakdown cycle count.

Q8: Can ISO 12947-2 test leather, coated fabric or nonwoven?

A8: ISO 12947 series is originally for textile fabrics. Coated fabrics and heavy nonwovens may be tested if they fit the holder and do not damage the machine. For leather abrasion, ISO 17076-2 (leather Martindale) is the dedicated standard.

Q9: Why might two labs get different ISO 12947-2 results on the same fabric?

A9: Main influence factors: conditioning humidity/temperature, abradant ageing or contamination, operator judgement of broken threads, interval setting for inspection, specimen orientation (warp vs weft), and uneven fabric structure. Calibration of the Martindale load and movement also affects repeatability.

Q10: Is a higher cycle number always better?

A10: Only when tested under identical load, abradant and endpoint rule (breakdown per ISO 12947-2). A high Martindale count means higher resistance to hole formation, but it cannot directly equal real service life without matching end-use friction conditions.

Q11: Does ISO 12947-2 cover pilling?

A11: No. ISO 12947-2 only measures abrasion until thread breakage. Pilling evaluation follows ISO 12945-2, which uses shorter stroke and different assessment criteria. Many combined Martindale testers support both standards, but they are separate test protocols.

Q12. How are stretch fabrics handled?

A12: Suspect stretch fabrics (e.g. containing elastane) are cut to 60 mm × 60 mm squares, mounted on the (45.0 ± 0.1) mm square table of the stretch-fabric device with 4 × (100 ± 2.5) g masses (total 400 ± 10 g), loaded by lowering the bracket three times, then bonded to a ~50 mm PVC film (≈0.2 mm) with a central 30 mm hole. A Ø38 mm specimen is then stamped so a 4 mm film ring keeps it lightly extended, and it is mounted immediately.

Q13. Can Martindale rubs be converted into Wyzenbeek double rubs?

A13: No. The abradants, the motion (multi-directional Lissajous vs. linear along warp/weft), the loads and the end-points all differ. Industry bodies (e.g. ACT) state plainly that there is no correlation between the two; the commonly circulated "1 double rub ≈ 2 Martindale rubs" ratio has no scientific basis. Always compare like with like, and name the method in the specification.

Q14: Why choose UnitedTest ISO 12947-2 Martindale Abrasion Tester | Fabric Breakdown Abrasion Testing Machine?

A14: UnitedTest is a professional manufacturer of ISO 12947-2 Martindale abrasion testers. Our Martindale test machine complies fully with ISO 12947-1, ISO 12947-2, ASTM D4966 and related textile abrasion standards for specimen breakdown testing. Suitable for upholstery, automotive textile, home textile, apparel and nonwoven fabric quality control. Support multi-station, stable Lissajous motion, accurate loading and automatic cycle counting for textile labs, fabric factories and third-party test institutes.

UnitedTest designs and manufactures high-precision Martindale abrasion testers for ISO 12947-2 textile abrasion resistance testing. ISO 12947-2 is the widely accepted international standard to determine fabric abrasion performance by recording the number of cycles until specimen thread breakdown.

Our Martindale abrasion test instrument meets the hardware requirements of ISO 12947-1 and supports the complete test workflow of ISO 12947-2: specimen mounting, standard atmosphere conditioning, controlled 12 kPa test pressure, 60 mm Lissajous rubbing track, interval inspection and breakdown cycle recording. The same machine can also run ISO 12947-3 mass loss abrasion, ISO 12947-4 appearance assessment and ISO 12945-2 pilling tests, as well as ASTM D4966 abrasion tests.

UnitedTest ISO 12947-2 Martindale testers are chosen by textile QC laboratories, furniture upholstery factories, automotive interior material suppliers, garment manufacturers, nonwoven producers and third-party certification labs worldwide. With stable driving system, calibrated weight loading, clear cycle counter and replaceable standard abradant holders, our equipment delivers repeatable, audit-ready test data for buyer approval, product specification and textile durability verification.

We supply 4-station, 6-station, 8-station and 9-station Martindale abrasion & pilling integrated testers. Every machine is calibrated before delivery and supplied with operation manuals written for ISO 12947-2 and other common textile test standards. If you are looking for a reliable manufacturer of ISO 12947-2 Martindale abrasion testing equipment, UnitedTest provides factory direct sales, after-sales service and custom configuration for your textile lab.

We offer customization to meet your specific needs. Our expert team will collaborate with you to develop the perfect product for you