EN 21974 Paper and board Elmendorf Tear Test | UnitedTest Paper Internal Tearing Resistance Test Machine

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Tear & Shear Test evaluates material resistance to tearing and shearing forces, measuring critical strength parameters for quality control. Tear tests (Elmendorf/trouser/trapezoidal) assess resistance to crack propagation in films/fabrics, while shear tests measure resistance to parallel forces in joints/bolts. UnitedTest provides universal testing machines (10KN-600KN) with specialized fixtures for both tests, compliant with ASTM D624/D3164 and ISO standards, serving automotive, packaging and construction industries.

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EN 21974 Elmendorf Tearing Resistance Tester for Paper and Board | UnitedTest

UnitedTest supplies EN 21974 Elmendorf tearing resistance testing machines for paper, light board, liner and fluting of corrugated fibreboard. This pendulum test measures paper tear strength and tearing resistance following the Elmendorf method.

EN 21974 defines the Elmendorf pendulum method to test the tearing resistance of paper and board materials. This standard applies to paper, light boards within the instrument measuring range, and liner or fluting components for corrugated fibreboard. It does not apply to finished corrugated fibreboard or cross-direction tear testing of highly directional paper and board. UnitedTest manufactures reliable Elmendorf tearing testers complying with EN 21974 for paper and packaging laboratory quality control.

Core Test Principle

A stack of superimposed paper sheets (normally four plies) with a pre‑made initial slit is clamped between a stationary frame clamp and a pendulum‑mounted clamp. When released, the pendulum swings in a plane perpendicular to the specimen surface and propagates the pre‑cut tear over a fixed tearing length of 43.0 mm ± 0.5 mm. The potential‑energy loss of the pendulum corresponds to the work consumed to tear the paper. Average tearing force is derived from this energy loss, and single‑sheet tearing resistance is calculated by dividing by the number of test plies.

EN 21974 Paper and board Elmendorf Tear Test

Test Specimen Specifications

Specimen shape: rectangular sheets, width 50 mm ± 2 mm to 76 mm ± 2 mm; length depends on instrument clamp design (common sizes: 50 × 63 mm, 50 × 65 mm, 63 × 76 mm).
Specimen stack: standard test piece consists of four superimposed sheets; all sheets must have identical side orientation; sheet edges shall not stick together.
Sampling: Follow ISO 186 sampling standard. Specimens must avoid sheet edges (keep ≥15 mm away from paper reel/sheet edges). No folds, creases or visible damage in the tearing zone. Watermarks shall be noted in the test report if present.
Quantity: Minimum 10 valid replicate tests for each testing direction (machine‑direction MD / cross‑direction CD); equals at least 40 individual sheets per direction.

Test Equipment of EN 21974 Paper and board Elmendorf Tear Test

Elmendorf tear tester

Mechanical pointer‑type or digital‑transducer‑equipped apparatus complying with Annex‑A dimensional requirements.

Two clamps (stationary and pendulum‑mounted); clamping surfaces ≥25 mm wide ×15 mm deep. Pendulum bearing shall have low friction.
Pendulum release mechanism, pointer‑zero adjustment device, optional built‑in cutting knife for initial slit preparation.
Interchangeable pendulums / augmenting masses for different force capacities (range: 200 gf / 2000 mN up to 6400 gf / 64000 mN).

ISO 6383-2 Plastic film Elmendorf tear test

Gap between clamps in starting position: 2.8 mm ± 0.3 mm.
Tearing travel distance after pre‑cut: 43.0 mm ± 0.5 mm.

Specimen‑cutting tools

die, guillotine or template‑knife assembly for precise specimen cutting.

Test Parameters

Sampling	ISO 186
Grammage	ISO 536 (g/m²), needed for tear index
Reading range	Mean readings ideally 20 %–80 % of full scale (outside values may be noted)
Tear length	43.0 ± 0.5 mm
Plies	n (normally 4); pendulum factor p (4, 8, 16, 32)
Units	mN; gf instruments × 9.81 → mN; tear index always in mN·m²/g (Annex C)
Reporting	Tearing resistance and tear index to three significant figures, plus coefficient of variation

Test Procedures of EN 21974 Paper and board Elmendorf Tear Test

Instrument preparation: Level the tester; perform zero adjustment; check pendulum bearing friction and pointer friction; calibrate per Annex B if necessary. Select suitable pendulum/mass combination so readings land within 20‑80 % full‑scale range.
Place the four‑sheet specimen stack into clamps; produce the initial slit (either pre‑cut or by the tester’s built‑in knife). Set pointer to zero stop.
Release pendulum sharply. Catch pendulum gently on return swing without disturbing pointer position; record scale reading. For digital testers follow manufacturer’s operating instructions.
Alternate specimen surface orientation (side‑one toward pendulum / side‑two toward pendulum) between replicates.
Evaluate tear‑path deviation: If tear deviates >10 mm. Reject those results when >2 of 10 replicates show large deviation, and run extra specimens to reach 10 valid tests. If “skinning” (inter‑layer peeling) occurs, judge deviation against the centre‑line of the peeled tear band.
If four‑ply testing cannot produce usable data, adjust number of plies (more or fewer sheets), and explicitly record this deviation in test report.

Result Calculation Rules:

Tearing resistance: R = (F̄ × p) / n — where F̄ = mean scale reading (mN), p = ply number for which the scale is calibrated (4, 8, 16, 32), n = plies actually torn (normally 4).
Tear index: X = R / g — where g = grammage (g/m²).
Calculate the coefficient of variation from the individual scale readings, for each direction separately.

Industrial Application Fields

Applicable materials: Paper and light‑weight thin boards, within instrument force range. Can test individual component layers of corrugated fibreboard.
Limitations: Not valid for complete corrugated fibreboard panels; not suitable for cross‑direction tearing‑resistance measurement of highly anisotropic (highly directional) paper/boardISO.
Industry use: Paper mills, packaging industry, printing‑paper producers, paper‑converting factories, third‑party testing laboratories. Used for incoming‑material inspection, production quality control, pulp‑formula development, finished‑paper performance evaluation for wrapping, printing, writing and specialty papers.

Related Standard:

ISO 1974	Paper - Determination of tearing resistance - Elmendorf method
ASTM D689	Standard Test Method for Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper
GB/T 455	Paper and board--Determination of tearing resistance
TAPPI T414	Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper (Elmendorf-Type Method)
TCVN 3229	Paper. Determination of tearing resistance (Elmendorf method)
ISO 6383-2	Plastics; Film and sheeting; Determination of tear resistance; Part 2 : Elmendorf method
ASTM D1922	Standard Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method
EN 21974	Paper and board — Determination of tearing resistance (Elmendorf method);
DIN 53128	Elmendorf Tearing Resistance (Paper)

National paper test standards aligned with ASTM D689 for regional markets (e.g., SCAN P11, Canadian PAPTAC D.9, Chinese GB/T 16578).

Key Differences: ASTM D689 vs. ISO 1974 vs. TAPPI T414

While all three share the Elmendorf principle, notable distinctions include:

Aspect	ASTM D689	ISO 1974	TAPPI T414
Standard instrument	1600 gf capacity, 16 plies typical	Multi-capacity, 4 plies standard	Similar to ASTM
Ply count logic	Target ~40% of full scale; 4-ply + lower capacity allowed for weak papers	4 plies (recommended)	Variable, often 16 plies
Specimen width	63.0 ± 0.15 mm	50 ± 2 mm (25-mm clamps) or 76 ± 2 mm (36-mm clamps)	63 ± 1 mm
Jaw width	Minimum 25 mm (historically 36 mm in US)	25 ± 1 mm or 36 ± 1 mm	Typically 25 mm or 36 mm
Tearing distance	43.0 ± 0.2 mm	43.0 ± 0.5 mm	43.0 mm
Clamp-axis distance	103.0 ± 0.1 mm	102.7⁻⁰·⁵ mm	Similar to ASTM
Highly directional materials	Explicitly NOT suitable for CD tearing	Not ideal for CD of highly directional papers	Requires TAPPI T496 arc specimen for CD
Reporting	mN or gf per ply; tear index optional	mN per sheet; tear index (mN·m²/g)	mN or gf

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Elmendorf Tearing Tester is designed for the tearing test of films, sheets, flexible PVC, PVDC, waterproof films, woven materials, polypropylene, polyester, paper, cardboard, textiles and nonwovens.

A single column tensile tester is a sophisticated material testing instrument designed for measuring mechanical properties of various materials under tension, compression, bending, shear, and other loading conditions. As the name suggests, it features a single vertical column supporting a moving crosshead that applies force to test specimens.

Q1. What is EN 21974?

EN 21974:1994 — "Paper — Determination of tearing resistance (Elmendorf method)" — is the European Standard identical to ISO 1974:1990. It specifies a pendulum (Elmendorf) method for measuring the force needed to propagate a tear that has been started by an initial cut in paper. Results are reported as tearing resistance (mN) and tear index (mN·m²/g). In the UK it was published as BS EN 21974:1994, replacing BS 4468:1969.

Q2. How does EN 21974 relate to ISO 1974, TAPPI T 414 and ASTM D689?

They are the same physical principle (pendulum energy loss) but not numerically interchangeable:

ISO 1974 / EN 21974: normally 4 plies, pendulum factor p = 4/8/16/32.
TAPPI T 414: typically 16 plies, 63 ± 1 mm wide specimens.
ASTM D689: standard 1600 gf capacity, 16 plies, jaw gap 2.8 ± 0.3 mm, axis-to-jaw 103.0 mm, target ≈ 40 % of scale.

Because apparent tearing resistance changes with ply count (1‑ply vs 4‑ply can differ by more than 20 %), always state the ply number and pendulum factor with the result.

Q3. What exactly is measured — "tear strength" or "tearing resistance"?

EN 21974 defines tearing resistance: the mean force required to continue a tear already started by a cut, for one sheet, expressed in millinewtons (mN). It is not the force to initiate a tear, and it is not an edge-tear test.

Q4. What is the difference between tearing resistance and tear index?

Tearing resistance (R) = mean force per sheet, in mN — an absolute, thickness/grammage-dependent value.
Tear index (X) = R ÷ grammage, in mN·m²/g — normalises out basis weight so you can compare 40 g/m² and 120 g/m² papers or set grammage-independent specs.

Formulas: R = (F̄ × p) / n and X = R / g, where F̄ = mean scale reading, p = pendulum factor, n = plies torn, g = grammage (ISO 536).

Q5. How do I choose the right pendulum capacity?

Run trial tests and select a pendulum (or pendulum + augmenting mass) so the mean reading falls between 20 % and 80 % of full scale. Readings outside that band may be used but must be flagged in the report.

Q6. What are the specimen dimensions?

Four rectangular sheets per test piece, same side up, edges parallel to the test direction, 50 ± 2 mm to 76 ± 2 mm wide, with an untorn length of 43.0 ± 0.5 mm after the initial cut. Typical clamp-dependent sizes: 50 × 63 mm, 50 × 65 mm, 63 × 76 mm. No folds/creases/defects, cut ≥ 15 mm from the sheet or reel edge, edges free and not stuck together.

Q7. How many specimens do I need?

A minimum of 10 valid tests in each principal direction (MD and CD) — i.e. at least 40 sheets per direction. More plies or fewer plies than four are allowed when four cannot give usable results, but this must be stated in the report.

Q8. Why four sheets at once?

A single sheet often falls below the usable range of the pendulum. Four plies amplify the signal, but note apparent tearing resistance depends on ply number: the 1‑ply vs 4‑ply difference can exceed 20 %, and 4‑ply vs up to 16‑ply differences, though smaller, can still be significant.

Q9. Why is the Elmendorf tear test important for paper?

It measures crack propagation, not crack initiation. Real failures — a web break on the paper machine, a torn sack corner, a split envelope, a runaway tear in a printed web — are propagation failures. Tensile and burst tests do not predict them.
It is the cheapest window into fibre quality. Tear responds strongly to fibre length, refining and filler, so it flags furnish or refiner changes long before customers complain.
It indicates anisotropy. MD vs CD tear quantifies fibre orientation, which drives curl, dimensional stability and converting behaviour.
It normalises across grades. The tear index lets mills benchmark 40 g/m² tissue against 120 g/m² sack paper.
It is contract language. Because it is an EN/ISO method with defined calibration and reporting rules, results are defensible in supplier–customer specifications.

Q10. Which industries rely on it?

Paper and board mills (QC/process control), packaging papers (sacks, bags, wrappers, envelopes), corrugating components (liner and fluting), printing and converting, tissue and towelling, label and release liners, filter and specialty papers, electrical insulating papers and pressboard (EN 60641‑2, EN 60554‑2), plus third-party testing laboratories and R&D on refining and furnish design.

Q11. What are the most common mistakes labs make?

Using the wrong pendulum capacity (readings outside 20–80 %), mixing ply counts between reports, letting specimens dry out between conditioning and testing, a blunt or misaligned knife, ignoring pendulum/specimen friction, not alternating sheet side toward the pendulum, and reporting a mean without the coefficient of variation or pendulum factor.

Q12. Why choose EN 21974 (ISO 1974) Elmendorf Paper Tearing‑Resistance Tester from UnitedTest?

UnitedTest manufactures high‑precision EN 21974 / ISO 1974 Elmendorf Tear Tester for paper & light board tearing‑resistance measurement. Digital Elmendorf pendulum tear testing machine fully compliant with EN 21974, ISO 1974 standards for paper mills, packaging labs & third‑party testing laboratories. Custom pendulum capacities, automatic cutting knife, English‑language report output available.

UnitedTest is a professional manufacturer of laboratory paper testing instruments, supplying Elmendorf‑type tearing resistance testers fully compliant with EN 21974:1994 and ISO 1974 standards. Our digital Elmendorf tear tester measures paper and lightweight board tear resistance via pendulum energy‑loss principle, supporting both machine‑direction (MD) and cross‑direction (CD) tear‑strength evaluation for quality‑control, R&D and incoming‑material inspection.

Designed to meet all critical dimensional and performance requirements from EN 21974 Annex A: fixed 43.0 mm tearing‑length, accurate clamp‑gap control, interchangeable pendulum / augmenting masses for multiple measuring ranges (200 gf‑6400 gf / 2000 mN‑64000 mN). Built‑in precision cutting knife creates standardized initial slit for test specimens. Digital sensor system replaces traditional mechanical pointer, avoids human reading error, directly outputs tearing resistance (mN) and tear‑index results (mN·m²/g).

✅ Compliance: EN 21974:1994, ISO 1974:1990 / EN ISO 1974:2012

✅ Supports 4‑ply standard specimen stack, also allows adjustable ply‑count testing

✅ Automatic calculation for mean value, coefficient of variation, tear‑index

✅ English‑language UI, built‑in report print / data export function

✅ Complete levelling, zero‑calibration and friction‑verification functions as required in EN 21974 Annex A & Annex B

✅ Widely used for pulp‑paper mills, packaging converters, printing factories, third‑party test laboratories and university material‑research labs across Europe, Southeast Asia and Middle‑East markets.

With UnitedTest EN 21974 Elmendorf tear strength tester, you get repeatable, audit‑ready test data for paper quality certification, supplier qualification and product‑performance comparison. Our engineering team provides installation guidance, calibration training and long‑term after‑sales support for all our paper‑testing laboratory equipment.

We offer customization to meet your specific needs. Our expert team will collaborate with you to develop the perfect product for you