ASTM D689 Internal Elmendorf Tearing Resistance Test of Paper | Paper Internal Tearing Resistance Test Machine

Information on the most widely used ASTM standards within the materials testing industry

Descriptions of the most prominent lSO standards within the materials testing industry

Standards including EN, DIN, JlS, and more

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Mechanical testing of industrial products and components is essential to ensure their load-bearing, fatigue resistance, and impact resistance, directly preventing production accidents and ensuring stable operation of equipment. UnitedTest can cover a full range of tests including tensile, hardness, and fatigue, complying with national and international standards, and provides customized industrial mechanical testing solutions.

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Tensile test evaluates material resistance to stretching, measuring strength/elongation critical for quality control. UnitedTest offers universal tensile testers (10-600KN) compliant with ASTM/ISO standards, providing tailored solutions for metals, polymers, medical & industrial materials.

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Flexural & Bend tests evaluate material resistance to bending forces, measuring strength, stiffness and ductility for quality assurance. UnitedTest provides flexural testing machines (3-point/4-point bend) compliant with ASTM/ISO standards, offering tailored solutions for composites, plastics, metals and construction materials.

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Tear & Shear Test evaluates material resistance to tearing and shearing forces, measuring critical strength parameters for quality control. Tear tests (Elmendorf/trouser/trapezoidal) assess resistance to crack propagation in films/fabrics, while shear tests measure resistance to parallel forces in joints/bolts. UnitedTest provides universal testing machines (10KN-600KN) with specialized fixtures for both tests, compliant with ASTM D624/D3164 and ISO standards, serving automotive, packaging and construction industries.

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ASTM D689 Elmendorf Tearing Tester for Paper Internal Tearing Resistance | UnitedTest

UnitedTest designs and produces high-precision ASTM D689 compliant Elmendorf tearing testing machines for paper mills, packaging manufacturers, printing factories, and paper material testing laboratories. Our Elmendorf tear testers deliver accurate, repeatable internal tearing resistance measurement for various paper and lightweight board materials following all ASTM D689 operational and specimen requirements.

ASTM D689 Standard Test Method for Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper specifies the complete testing procedure to evaluate paper’s internal tearing strength via an Elmendorf-type tearing tester.

The test quantifies the vertical force perpendicular to the paper surface needed to propagate a pre-initiated tear across a fixed travel distance through stacked multiple paper sheets. Test readings from multi-sheet samples can be converted to calculate the approximate tearing resistance of one single paper sheet; for single-sheet testing, the machine captures the exact tearing resistance value directly without extra conversion.

This standard aligns with globally recognized equivalent test specifications: ISO 1974 and TAPPI T414 both adopt nearly identical Elmendorf tear measurement workflows for paper materials.

An important limitation of ASTM D689 is noted: this test method is not appropriate for measuring cross-direction tearing resistance of highly oriented, directional paper and paperboard substrates due to biased fiber alignment interference.

Manufacturers utilize ASTM D689 tear test data to grade raw pulp quality, optimize paper production processes, control finished packaging paper batch consistency, and compare tear durability of printing, wrapping and carton base papers.

Core Test Principle

The method relies on pendulum potential energy loss to quantify tearing work, identical to the Elmendorf physical mechanism:

A stack of paper plies (specimen) is pre-cut with a controlled initial slit and clamped between fixed and pendulum-mounted jaws.

The locked pendulum is released and swings to propagate a tear over a fixed 43.0 mm length perpendicular to the paper surface.

Energy consumed to continue the tear equals the potential energy lost by the pendulum during its swing.

The instrument converts energy loss to average tearing force per single paper ply by dividing total tear work by fixed tear travel distance.

Test Specimen Specifications

Width (clamp side): minimum 53 mm; standard U.S. size for 36 mm jaws: 76 ±2 mm.

Tear propagation length: fixed 63.0 ±0.15 mm (creates 43.0 ±0.2 mm untorn tear path after knife cut).

Test Quantity: Minimum 10 valid specimens per testing direction (Machine Direction MD / Cross Direction CD).

Ply Stack:

Variable ply counts allowed: 1, 4, 16 plies (16 plies is standard for the 1600 gf U.S. pendulum; 4 plies aligns with ISO 1974 practice).

All plies in one specimen must come from adjacent sheets of the same sample, with identical paper side (wire/print side) facing the same direction.

Alternate specimen orientation per test: wire side toward pendulum, then away from pendulum for each replicate.

Test Equipment of ASTM D689 Internal Elmendorf Tearing Resistance Test of Paper

Elmendorf tear tester	Rigid base & leveling mechanism: Must be bolted firmly to a vibration-free workbench to avoid swing interference. Low-friction sector pendulum: Interchangeable pendulums/augmenting weights with standard capacities: 2000, 4000, 8000, 16000, 32000 mN (200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200 gf). The classic U.S. standard pendulum is 1600 gf (15.7 N). Instant release catch: Holds pendulum at starting position and fully releases when triggered.
Double clamping jaws	Fixed jaw on frame, movable jaw on pendulum; jaw gap at start position: 2.8 ±0.3 mm. Jaw depth: 15.9 ±0.1 mm; jaw width options: minimum 25 mm or common U.S. 36 ±1 mm. Pendulum axis to jaw top edge distance: 103.0 ±0.1 mm; jaw plane tilts 27.5 ±0.5° relative to vertical.
Centered cutting knife	Produces initial slit to leave untorn tear length of 43.0 ±0.2 mm.
Critical mandatory feature: Deep cutout on pendulum sector to stop specimen rubbing during swing.

Test Parameters

Fixed Geometric Parameters

Standard tear travel length: 43.0 ±0.2 mm

Jaw separation gap: 2.8 ±0.3 mm

Pendulum-jaw axis distance: 103.0 ±0.1 mm

Jaw depth: 15.9 ±0.1 mm

Pendulum-jaw mounting angle: 27.5 ±0.5°

Pendulum & Reading Range Stipulation

Target average readings between 40%–75% of full pendulum scale capacity for optimal accuracy:

If single ply reads >75% full scale: switch to higher-capacity pendulum.

If readings fall below 20% full scale: increase ply count or switch to lower-capacity pendulum.

All deviations from standard ply count (16 plies) must be fully documented in test reports.

Test Procedures of ASTM D689 Internal Elmendorf Tearing Resistance Test of Paper:

Pre-test full instrument adjustment: level, zero calibration, pendulum friction and knife sharpness inspection.

Raise pendulum to locked starting position; reset pointer to zero stop (ignore pointer steps for digital testers).

Insert pre-cut multi-ply specimen into clamps, align bottom edge against jaw stops, tighten clamps with consistent pressure, operate integrated knife to create standard initial slit.

Fully depress pendulum release trigger and hold until swing completes; gently catch returning pendulum without shifting pointer position.

Record scale reading to nearest half division, note ply count used for the specimen.

Reset pendulum, remove torn specimen; alternate wire-side orientation for each subsequent replicate specimen.

Complete 10 valid replicates for machine direction (MD), then repeat all steps for cross direction (CD).

Remove outliers per ASTM E178 statistical outlier practice before calculating average tearing force.

Result Calculation Rules:

Single-ply tearing force formulas

Classic 1600 gf (15.7 N) pendulum (0–100 scale):

Tearing force (mN) = (16 × 9.81 × average scale reading) ÷ ply count

Tearing force (gf) = (16 × average scale reading) ÷ ply count

Other capacity pendulums or direct digital mN readouts use proportional conversion factors defined in Clause 10.2.

Tear Index Calculation

Tear Index (mN·m²/g) = single-ply tearing resistance (mN) ÷ paper grammage (g/m²), grammage measured per ASTM D646.

Reporting Precision

Report average, maximum, minimum valid tearing force values to three significant figures, separate MD and CD results clearly.

Industrial Application Fields

Paper manufacturing	Quality control, grade specification, process optimization (beating/refining effects)
Packaging & converting	Paper bags, wrappers, packaging paper – assessing resistance to tear propagation during filling, transport, and handling
Printing industry	Printing paper runnability on high-speed web presses; resistance to damage during printing and handling
Label manufacturing	Preventing tearing during dispensing and application
Stationery & publishing	Books, archival paper – durability assessment
Specialty papers	Filter paper, medical packaging, electrical insulation paper – verifying structural integrity
R&D and testing laboratories	Material development, comparative evaluation, compliance verification
International trade	The method is developed per WTO TBT principles, supporting regulatory compliance for domestic and international paper sales

Related Standard:

ISO 1974	Paper - Determination of tearing resistance - Elmendorf method
ASTM D689	Standard Test Method for Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper
GB/T 455	Paper and board--Determination of tearing resistance
TAPPI T414	Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper (Elmendorf-Type Method)
TCVN 3229	Paper. Determination of tearing resistance (Elmendorf method)
ISO 6383-2	Plastics; Film and sheeting; Determination of tear resistance; Part 2 : Elmendorf method
ASTM D1922	Standard Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method
EN 21974	Paper and board — Determination of tearing resistance (Elmendorf method);
DIN 53128	Elmendorf Tearing Resistance (Paper)

National paper test standards aligned with ASTM D689 for regional markets (e.g., SCAN P11, Canadian PAPTAC D.9, Chinese GB/T 16578).

Key Differences: ASTM D689 vs. ISO 1974 vs. TAPPI T414

While all three share the Elmendorf principle, notable distinctions include:

Aspect	ASTM D689)	ISO 1974	TAPPI T414
Standard instrument	1600 gf capacity, 16 plies typical	Multi-capacity, 4 plies standard	Similar to ASTM
Ply count logic	Target ~40% of full scale; 4-ply + lower capacity allowed for weak papers	4 plies (recommended)	Variable, often 16 plies
Specimen width	63.0 ± 0.15 mm	50 ± 2 mm (25-mm clamps) or 76 ± 2 mm (36-mm clamps)	63 ± 1 mm
Jaw width	Minimum 25 mm (historically 36 mm in US)	25 ± 1 mm or 36 ± 1 mm	Typically 25 mm or 36 mm
Tearing distance	43.0 ± 0.2 mm	43.0 ± 0.5 mm	43.0 mm
Clamp-axis distance	103.0 ± 0.1 mm	102.7⁻⁰·⁵ mm	Similar to ASTM
Highly directional materials	Explicitly NOT suitable for CD tearing	Not ideal for CD of highly directional papers	Requires TAPPI T496 arc specimen for CD
Reporting	mN or gf per ply; tear index optional	mN per sheet; tear index (mN·m²/g)	mN or gf

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Elmendorf Tearing Tester is designed for the tearing test of films, sheets, flexible PVC, PVDC, waterproof films, woven materials, polypropylene, polyester, paper, cardboard, textiles and nonwovens.

A single column tensile tester is a sophisticated material testing instrument designed for measuring mechanical properties of various materials under tension, compression, bending, shear, and other loading conditions. As the name suggests, it features a single vertical column supporting a moving crosshead that applies force to test specimens.

ASTM D689 Elmendorf Tear Tester | Paper Internal Tearing Resistance Test Machine – UnitedTest Manufacturer

UnitedTest is professional ASTM D689 Elmendorf tearing tester manufacturer. Our UT2089B digital pendulum tear testing machine complies fully with ASTM D689-17, ISO 1974, TAPPI T414 for paper, kraft sack, linerboard, newsprint tear resistance measurement. Automatic calibration, pneumatic clamps, multi pendulum capacity, factory direct supply with 12-month warranty.

Q1: What is ASTM D689?

A: ASTM D689-17(2024) is the active ASTM standard test method for determining the internal tearing resistance of paper using an Elmendorf-type tearing tester. It measures the force perpendicular to the plane of the paper required to tear multiple sheets of paper through a specified distance after the tear has been started. The measured results can be used to calculate the approximate tearing resistance of a single sheet. In the case of tearing a single sheet of paper, the tearing resistance is measured directly.

Q2: Why is ASTM D689 important for paper materials?

A: According to ASTM's own statement: "This test method is widely used within the paper industry, in conjunction with other tests of strength, as a predictor of end-use performance of a wide range of grades of papers."

Specifically:

Predicts end-use durability – Paper experiences tearing stresses during printing, folding, converting, packaging, transport, and consumer handling. ASTM D689 quantifies resistance to tear propagation (how easily an existing tear continues), which closely mirrors real-world failure.

Process control signal – Tear resistance correlates with fiber length, refining degree, bonding, filler content, and furnish composition. Mills use it to optimize refining and furnish.

Directional assessment – Tear strength differs between machine direction (MD) and cross direction (CD). ASTM D689 measures both, critical for converting processes.

Global trade enabler – Developed per WTO TBT Committee principles, the standard is recognized in international paper commerce, especially in North America.

Quality benchmarking – Enables objective comparison of paper grades, supplier qualification, and R&D validation.

Q3: What is the difference between "tearing resistance" and "tear strength"?

A: In ASTM D689, the measured quantity is the force (in mN or gf) required to propagate a tear through a specified distance. The instrument measures the energy lost by the pendulum (potential energy loss), which is then converted to average force per ply. It is not a stress-based "strength" in the tensile sense, but rather a force-based "resistance to tear propagation."

Q4: What is the difference between ASTM D689 and ISO 1974 Elmendorf tear standards?

A: They share identical pendulum test principles but differ in key procedural details:

Standard ply count: ASTM D689 defaults to 16 plies for the classic 1600gf US tester; ISO 1974 uses 4 plies as standard.

Dimensional tolerance: Pendulum axis to jaw distance = 103.0±0.1 mm (ASTM D689) vs 102.7 (-0.5/+3.3) mm (ISO 1974).

Tear length tolerance: ASTM D689 = 43.0±0.2 mm; ISO 1974 = 43.0±0.5 mm.

Unit convention: ASTM D689 supports both gf (US traditional) and mN (SI); ISO 1974 exclusively uses mN.

Instrument requirement: ASTM D689 mandates a deep pendulum cutout to eliminate specimen friction error; ISO 1974 only recommends this design.

Both standards allow cross-reference, but results cannot be directly mixed without documenting ply count and instrument differences in reports.

Q5: How many specimens do I need per test direction under ASTM D689?

A: A minimum of 10 valid specimens for Machine Direction (MD) and another 10 for Cross Direction (CD). If more than one-third of 10 replicates show severe tear path deviation, ASTM D689 is not suitable for that paper grade.

Q6: What ply counts are permitted for ASTM D689 testing? Which is standard?

A: Permitted ply stacks: 1, 4, or 16 plies. The classic US 1600gf pendulum uses 16 plies as standard. Four plies align with ISO 1974 testing for cross-standard comparison. Any non-16 ply setup must be fully recorded in the test report.

Q7: What pendulum friction requirements apply to old vs new testers per ASTM D689?

A: Older metal ball-bearing pendulums: Must complete ≥20 full free oscillations without specimens to pass friction check.

New synthetic frictionless bearing testers (like UnitedTest UT2089B): No 20-oscillation requirement; bearings must never be oiled, per factory operation guides.

Q8: What reading range target does ASTM D689 recommend for optimal accuracy?

A: Target average readings at 40%–75% of full pendulum scale capacity:

Single ply reading >75% full scale: Upgrade to higher-capacity pendulum.

Readings below 20% full scale: Increase ply count or switch to lower-capacity pendulum.

All out-of-range readings must be noted in the final report.

Q9: When is a test run marked invalid under ASTM D689?

A: Discard individual readings if the tear path deviates sharply from the central slit. If over 1/3 of 10 specimens show severe deviation, the material cannot be tested with this standard. Incomplete tearing or heavy interlayer paper peeling (“skinning”) also voids single replicate data.

Q10: Does UnitedTest manufacture ASTM D689 compliant Elmendorf tear testers?

A: Yes. UnitedTest UT2089B Automatic Elmendorf Tearing Tester fully meets all ASTM D689 hardware, dimensional, calibration and performance requirements, also compatible with ISO 1974, TAPPI T414, ASTM D1922 for films/textiles. It features the mandatory deep pendulum cutout, pneumatic clamps, multi-range interchangeable pendulums (2000/4000/8000/16000/32000 mN), digital touchscreen readout, and built-in automatic calculation for tear resistance & tear index.

Q11: What after-sales support does UnitedTest provide for ASTM D689 tear testing machines?

A: UnitedTest offers:

12-month full factory warranty, lifetime technical consultation.

Free ASTM D689 calibration operation training, standard test procedure guides.

OEM/ODM customization for pendulum capacity, pneumatic clamping, automatic cutting modules.

Global door-to-door installation guidance, remote troubleshooting, spare parts supply.

Compliance certification documents (CE, ISO9001) for lab audit and third-party inspection.

Q12. What Is ASTM D689 Paper Tear Test Machine?

A: An ASTM D689 Elmendorf tear tester is lab equipment to measure the internal out-of-plane tearing resistance of paper and lightweight board following ASTM D689-17 (Reapproved 2024) standard test method. It uses a swinging pendulum to calculate energy loss during tear propagation, output single-ply tearing force in gf or mN, and auto compute tear index for paper quality control.

UnitedTest UT2089B automatic Elmendorf tearing tester is a fully ASTM D689 compliant lab instrument designed for pulp & paper mills, packaging factories, printing labs, third-party testing institutions, university material research labs across North America, Europe and Southeast Asia.

Q13. Why Choose UnitedTest as Your ASTM D689 Tear Tester Manufacturer?

A: Professional factory with 10+ years material testing instrument R&D experience, CE & ISO9001 certified.

All UT2089B machines pass full ASTM D689 performance inspection before delivery, with complete calibration documentation for lab audit.

Customizable solutions: OEM machine logo, ODM pendulum range upgrade, automatic sample feeding module, computer-linked data acquisition system.

Global after-sales support: 12-month warranty, free ASTM D689 standard operation training video & test guide, 24-hour online technical service.

Factory direct price, no middleman markup; flexible MOQ for lab small batch procurement and industrial mass purchase.

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