ASTM E23 Impact Test Methods for Metal Notched Bar

Information on the most widely used ASTM standards within the materials testing industry

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ASTM E23 — Standard Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials(Charpy & Izod)

ASTM E23 covers both Charpy (simple‑beam) and Izod (cantilever‑beam) notched-bar impact tests. It applies to all metallic materials for impact tests using pendulum machines.

Tensile tests are slowand unnotched. Real failures often involve stress concentrations (notches) + high loading rates + low temperatures, which can push a normally ductile metal into brittle fracture without warning.

ASTM E23 exists to measure notch toughness / impact energy absorption under those severe conditions and to reveal the ductile‑to‑brittle transition. That information is used to:

Prevent catastrophic brittle fracture in bridges, ships, pressure equipment, cranes, pipelines, offshore structures, rails, etc.

Serve as an acceptance / process-control gate tied to chemistry, deoxidation, heat treatment, and toughness at minimum design temperature.

Test Principle

A calibrated pendulum is lifted to a fixed position to store initial potential energy. After release, the pendulum swings at a defined velocity and strikes a notched metallic specimen:

Charpy test: The specimen is placed on two fixed anvils (simply supported beam). Impact occurs on the side opposite the notch at the specimen midspan.

Izod test: The specimen is rigidly clamped in a vise (cantilever beam), and the pendulum strikes the upper section near the notch.

The specimen fractures under instantaneous high-rate dynamic load. The absorbed energy is calculated as the energy difference between the pendulum’s initial state and final state after friction, windage and pointer loss corrections. Besides absorbed energy, the test also evaluates auxiliary indicators including lateral expansion and percentage of shear fracture to assess material toughness and ductile-brittle transition behavior. The test simulates sudden shock loads in real service and predicts the risk of brittle fracture for metals under notch stress concentration and multi-axial stress conditions.

ASTM E23 Impact Test Methods for Metal Notched Bar

Specific test methods covered in ASTM E23

Charpy (Simple‑Beam) Impact Test

Specimen rests horizontally on two anvils (span ≈ 40 mm classically for Charpy geometry).

Striker hits the face opposite the notch, aligned with the notch center plane.

Izod (Cantilever‑Beam) Impact Test

Specimen is clamped vertically in a vise; striker hits the free cantilever end.

E23 notes Izod testing at temperatures other than room is difficult (vise is often part of the machine base and not easily conditioned), and is not recommended for non‑ambient.

Test Specimen Requirements

Standard Specimen	Overall dimension: 55 mm (length) × 10 mm (width) × 10 mm (thickness). Two standard notch types: V-notch: 45° included angle, 2 mm notch depth, 0.25 mm notch root radius; strict machining tolerance (±0.025 mm for root radius). U-notch (Keyhole notch): 5 mm ligament length, 1 mm notch root radius, widely used for traditional material inspection. Surface finish: Surface roughness ≤ Ra 2 μm for critical areas; notch roots must be free of machining scratches to avoid interfering with test results. Dimensional tolerances: Notch centering tolerance ±1 mm; perpendicularity of adjacent sides 90° ± 2°.
Standard Izod Specimen	It adopts a cantilever structure with a V-notch at the fixed end. The notch centerline must align with the vise top within 0.125 mm after clamping. Multiple optional configurations (Type X, Y, Z) are available for different test scenarios.
Subsize Specimens	When full-size specimens cannot be sampled due to limited material thickness, subsize specimens with thicknesses of 7.5 mm, 5 mm, 2.5 mm are permitted. Critical note: Test results of full-size and subsize specimens cannot be directly compared. Supplementary shims are required on specimen supports to keep the impact center consistent.
Special Specimens	Powder metallurgy specimens: Unnotched or notched designs are specified. The pendulum must strike parallel to the material compaction direction, and results are reported as unnotched absorbed energy.
Specimen Preparation Rules	For heat-treated metals, finish machining and notching must be completed after final heat treatment (unless verified that pre-machining does not alter impact performance). Specimen marking is only allowed on end faces or the side opposite the notch; marks are prohibited within 10 mm of the notch centerline to prevent deformation-induced data deviation. Stamping and hot marking that damage the material structure are forbidden.

Test Equipment of ASTM E23 Metal impact test methods

Pendulum Impact Testing Machine	The machine must have a rigid frame and stable foundation (foundation mass at least 40 times the pendulum mass, fixed on a concrete floor ≥150 mm thick). Impact velocity: Between 3 m/s and 6 m/s at the strike center. Pendulum swing: Lateral play ≤ 0.75 mm; bearing radial play ≤ 0.075 mm to ensure stable operation. Friction & windage loss: Total energy loss shall not exceed 0.4% of the machine’s full scale; total loss of the whole machine shall not exceed 0.75% of full scale, and pointer friction loss ≤ 0.25% of full scale.
Striker	Standard 8 mm radius for Charpy tests; strict dimensional and surface finish requirements (Ra ≤ 0.1 μm). The striker plane must be perpendicular to the specimen longitudinal axis.
Vise (Izod)	Clamping surfaces are flat and parallel, with sharp 90° edges (edge radius < 0.4 mm) to ensure firm clamping without sliding.
Anvils and Supports	The notch center of the specimen must be within 0.25 mm of the midpoint between two anvils. Support geometry and angles comply with standard drawings.
Temperature Conditioning Devices	Liquid bath, gas chamber and matched insulated transfer tongs for heating/cooling specimens.

Key Test Parameters:

Parameter	E23 expectation / rule‑of‑thumb
Test temperature	Ambient recommendation ~ 20 ±5 °C if “room temp.” Otherwise conditioned to ±1 °C (±2 °F) with bath/oven.
Soak time	Liquid bath: ≥5 min unless proved adequate with thermocouple data. Gas: typically ≥30 min.
Transfer time	Classic rule for 10×10×55: remove and strike within ~5 s (to avoid specimen temperature drift, especially near boiling points or at cryo).
Machine friction/windage check	Routine check each day/shift: friction & windage loss must stay within strict bounds; zero must verify correctly.
Energy range validity	Results approaching >~80% of scale/machine capacity become inaccurate and should be flagged/report as approximate (velocity drops too far during fracture).
Rebound/jamming	High‑strength, low‑energy specimens can fly sideways; broken pieces must not hit the returning pendulum (machines may need shields/deflectors).

Main Test Stipulations

Energy Range Stipulation: The valid measured absorbed energy shall not exceed 80% of the machine’s full capacity. Values beyond this range are recorded as approximate data, because excessive energy will cause a sharp drop in pendulum velocity and large test errors.

Friction Check: Friction and windage loss must be checked at the start of each shift or before intermittent use. The machine runs 5–10 free swings to calculate total loss; machines with excessive loss must be maintained before use.

Abnormal Situation Handling:

Incomplete fracture: Record as "unbroken". If the absorbed energy is below 80% of machine capacity, unbroken specimen data can be averaged with normal data.

Specimen jamming: Discard the result immediately and inspect the machine for misalignment or component damage.

Rebound interference: The gap between the specimen end and the centering device shall be ≥13 mm to prevent fractured specimens from rebounding to hit the pendulum and generate false high energy values.

Operational Procedures of ASTM E23 Impact Test

1, Charpy Test Steps

Use pre-conditioned self-centering tongs to take specimens and place them stably on anvils, ensuring accurate notch centering.

Lift and lock the pendulum, initialize the energy display.

Release the pendulum smoothly to strike the specimen; record the absorbed energy reading after impact.

Observe the fracture state: Mark incomplete fracture, jamming or other abnormalities.

Optional operations: Remove burrs from fractured specimens, measure lateral expansion and shear fracture percentage per standard methods.

ASTM E23 Impact Test Methods for Metal Notched Bar

2, Izod Test Steps

Firmly clamp the specimen in the vise, ensuring the notch center is at the specified position.

Complete pendulum release, impact and data recording following the same steps as Charpy tests.

Note: Izod tests are not recommended for non-room temperature conditions, as the vise is difficult to heat/cool uniformly.

Related Test Standard:

ISO 148-1	Metallic materials - Charpy pendulum impact test - Part 1: Test method
ASTM E23	Standard Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials
AASHTO T 266	Standard Method of Test for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials (CVN)
BS 131-1	Methods for Notched bar tests — Part 1 : The izod impact test on metals
IRAM-IAS U 500 17	Acero. Izod flexural impact test method on notched V specimen.
IS 1598	Metal cantilever beam impact test method
SANS 6223	The Izod impact test for metallic materials
JIS Z 2242	Method for Charpy pendulum impact test of metallic materials
KS B 0810	Method of impact test for metallic materials
GB/T 229	Metallic materials—Charpy pendulum impact test method
ISO 14556	Metallic materials — Charpy V-notch pendulum impact test — Instrumented test method
EN 10045-1	Charpy Impact Test for Metallic Materials - Test Method
ASTM E2298	Instrumented impact test standard, matching E23 to collect force-displacement curves.
ISO 148-2	Metallic materials - Charpy pendulum impact test - Part 2: Verification of testing machines
ISO 148-3	Metallic materials. Charpy pendulum impact test. Preparation and characterization of Charpy V-notch test pieces for indirect verification of pendulum impact machines
ISO 148-4	Metallic materials. Charpy pendulum impact test - Testing of miniature Charpy-type V-notch test pieces

Impact Tester is mainly used to determine the anti-impact capability of ferrous metal materials with high toughness, especially for steel and iron and their alloy, under dynamic load. This series tester is operated semi-automatically.

Electric impact specimen U/V notching machine is a specialized specimen preparation device for metal Charpy pendulum impact tests. It is driven by a motor and lead screw, and uses forming cutting tools to cut a V-shaped or U-shaped notch in a single pass, meeting standards such as GB/T 229, ISO 148,

CST-50 projector is a supplemental equipment for impact test, mainly used to check the accuracy of impact specimen U/V notch. Put the notched specimen on projector working table, multiple 50* and compare the projection image with standard plate, then identify the quality of impact specimen notch.

DWC low temperature chamber is a supplemental equipment for impact test under low temperature. Use imported high quality compressor to refrigerate, single-chip micro processor control, auto control temperature, timing, alarm etc.; Refrigeration fast, big volume.

Q1: What is ASTM E23?

A: ASTM E23 is the primary American standard for pendulum-type notched bar impact tests on metallic materials. It covers two mainstream test modes: Charpy (simple beam) and Izod (cantilever beam) impact tests. It specifies unified requirements for specimens, equipment, calibration, test procedures, fracture characterization and test reports. This standard does not apply to impact tests below -196 °C (77 K).

Q2: What is the main purpose of the ASTM E23 test?

A: It measures the absorbed energy of metallic materials when fractured by a sudden impact load. It evaluates notch toughness, ductility and the risk of brittle fracture. It also determines the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) of metals, which is critical for assessing material safety under dynamic shock and low-temperature service conditions.

Q3: Why is the ASTM E23 test so important for metallic materials?

A: Evaluate Notch Toughness and Anti-Brittleness: Static tensile or hardness tests cannot reflect material performance under dynamic loads. The E23 test accurately measures a metal’s ability to absorb impact energy and resist crack propagation at notches, which is the key index to judge toughness. Materials with high absorbed energy are less likely to suffer sudden brittle failure under shockASTM International.

Determine Ductile-Brittle Transition Temperature (DBTT): By conducting tests across a temperature range, the ductile-brittle transition zone of metals can be determined. This is critical for materials serving in low-temperature environments (such as polar equipment and cryogenic containers) to avoid catastrophic low-temperature brittle fracture.

Guide Material Selection and Process Optimization: Test data is an essential basis for engineering material selection. It also helps manufacturers optimize smelting, forging, rolling and heat treatment processes to balance material strength and toughness.

Ensure Product and Structural Safety: Most metal components bear accidental impact during service. Compliance with ASTM E23 screening eliminates brittle unqualified materials, greatly reducing the failure risk of mechanical equipment, buildings and transportation tools.

Unify Test Rules for Global Trade: As the dominant impact standard in North America and many international projects, it ensures consistent test methods and comparable data among different laboratories, facilitating cross-border material trade and technical cooperation.

Support Failure Analysis: Combined with shear fracture percentage and lateral expansion data, the test can analyze the root cause of component fracture (ductile failure or brittle failure), providing evidence for product improvement and accident investigation.

Q4: What materials are applicable to ASTM E23? Can it test non-metals?

A: ASTM E23 is exclusively formulated for all metallic materials, including carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, aluminum alloys, copper alloys and powder metallurgy (PM) metals. It is not suitable for plastics, rubber, composites and other non-metallic materials, which follow separate impact standards like ASTM D256.

Q5: What is the difference between Charpy and Izod tests in ASTM E23?

A: Support method: Charpy uses a simply supported beam (specimen placed on two anvils); Izod uses a cantilever beam (specimen firmly clamped in a vise).

Test temperature: Izod is not recommended for non-ambient tests because the integrated vise is hard to heat or cool uniformly, while Charpy supports high, low and ambient temperature tests.

Application: Charpy is more widely used for general steel, pressure vessel and pipeline materials; Izod is commonly used for small parts, castings and some non-ferrous metals.

Results: The two sets of data are not interchangeable.

Q6: What are the machine verification rules in ASTM E23?

A:Annual verification: Charpy machines need both direct verification (geometry, assembly, friction) and indirect verification (using NIST-certified reference specimens); Izod machines only require direct verification every year.

Unscheduled verification: Mandatory after machine relocation, major repair, key component replacement or abnormal test data.

Indirect verification standard: Use low (13–20 J), high (88–136 J) and super-high (176–244 J) energy reference specimens. The tested value must be within the larger value of 1.4 J or 5% of the certified value.

Q6: What is the time limit for specimen transfer?

A: After taking specimens from the temperature conditioning medium, complete positioning and impact within 5 seconds to prevent obvious temperature drift and inaccurate results.

Q7: What is the valid range of absorbed energy?

A: The measured absorbed energy shall not exceed 80% of the machine’s full capacity. Data beyond this range is marked as approximate, because excessive energy will sharply reduce pendulum velocity and bring large errors.

Q8: How to handle incomplete fracture of specimens?

A: Record such specimens as "unbroken". If the absorbed energy is below 80% of machine capacity, data of unbroken specimens can be averaged with normal results. If the specimen stops the pendulum, the result is marked as exceeding machine capacity.

Q9: What to do if the specimen jams in the machine after impact?

A: Discard the test result immediately. Thoroughly inspect the machine for misalignment, wear or damage before continuing tests, because jamming will cause extra energy absorption.

Q10: How to avoid specimen rebound interfering with test results?

A: The gap between the specimen end and the centering device shall be no less than 13 mm, to prevent fractured specimens from rebounding and hitting the pendulum, which causes falsely high energy readings.

Q11: Does a higher absorbed energy always mean better material performance?

A: Generally yes for most engineering materials. Higher absorbed energy means stronger impact resistance and lower brittle fracture risk. For individual components requiring extreme hardness and rigidity, moderately low toughness may meet design requirements. Results must be evaluated combined with actual service conditions.

Q12: Can ASTM E23 test results be directly converted to ISO 148 results?

A: Not recommended. Although both focus on Charpy impact tests, they differ in striker size, specimen tolerances, friction limits and operational details. Direct conversion will cause large deviations. Cross-standard comparison requires a large number of comparative tests.

Q13: Why do test data vary greatly between different laboratories using ASTM E23?

A: Main reasons: 1. Unqualified machine calibration or excessive friction loss; 2. Non-standard notch machining or poor specimen quality; 3. Overlong specimen transfer leading to temperature drift; 4. Different striker or specimen sizes. Full compliance with standard rules ensures repeatability.

Q14: Which industries widely adopt ASTM E23?

A: ASTM E23 is a core mechanical test standard widely used in industries adopting American technical specifications:

Iron & Steel Industry: Routine inspection for carbon steel, alloy steel, steel plate and steel pipe; mandatory item for factory acceptance of steel products.

Oil & Gas & Pressure Vessels: Impact test for pipeline steel, storage tank and low-temperature pressure vessel steel to evaluate low-temperature toughness.

Automotive Industry: Quality control for chassis, engine and body structural parts to resist driving impact loads.

Construction & Bridge Engineering: Detection of building steel and bridge steel to prevent brittle fracture under earthquake or impact.

Aerospace & Defense: Toughness evaluation for aircraft structural materials and military equipment components.

General Machinery Manufacturing: Testing for gears, shafts, castings and forgings bearing dynamic loads.

Powder Metallurgy: Dedicated impact test for PM structural parts per the standard’s supplementary provisions.

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