ASTM C133 Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories Test

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ASTM C133 Refractory Cold Crushing Strength & Modulus of Rupture Tester | UnitedTest

UnitedTest supplies ASTM C133 testing machines for measuring cold crushing strength and cold modulus of rupture (MOR) of refractory shapes via three-point bending and compressive tests for refractory R&D, production quality control and purchasing specification validation.

ASTM C133 Standard Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories

ASTM C133 determines the cold crushing strength and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of dried or fired refractory shapes of all types. This test method determines room temperature flexural strength in 3-point bending for cold modulus of rupture and compressive strength for cold crushing strength. This method is useful in research, design, manufacturing, and developing purchasing specifications. UnitedTest manufactures reliable refractory mechanical testing equipment fully compliant with ASTM C133 for refractory material quality inspection and laboratory performance evaluation.

Test Principle

Cold Crushing Strength: Apply controlled axial compressive load on specimen until collapse or height reduction to 90 % original height (defined as failure). CCS is calculated by dividing maximum failure load by loaded cross‑section area of specimen:

S = W/A

Where S=cold crushing strength; W=maximum failure load; A=average value of top and bottom loaded cross‑section areas.

Modulus of Rupture (Three‑point bending): Concentrated load is applied at mid‑span of simply‑supported beam specimen until fracture. Flexural strength is calculated with beam bending formula:

MOR = 3PL/(2bd^2)

Where P=maximum fracture load; L=support span length; b=specimen width; d=specimen depth (height of cross‑section).

$ASTM C133 Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories Test$

Specific Test Methods

	Cold Crushing Strength (CCS)	Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Property	Compressive strength at room temperature	Flexural strength in three-point (center-point) bending at room temperature
Loading mode	Uniaxial compression through a spherical seat	Simply supported beam, load at mid-span
Formula	S = W/A	MOR = 3PL / (2bd²)
Specimen types	2 in. cubes/cylinders; 4½×4½ in. half-bricks (insulating)	9 × 4½ × 2½/3 in. brick; 9×2×2 in. bars; 6×1×1 in. bars
Failure criterion	Collapse, or height reduced to 90 % of original	Fracture at mid-span; max load recorded

Test Equipment required for ASTM C133 Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories Test

Recommend UnitedTest Universal Testing Machine and Bending fixtures.

Universal testing machine

Any standard mechanical or hydraulic compression machine conforming to ASTM E4 (Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Testing Machines).

Hydraulic machines are preferred for low-strength materials (insulating brick/castables);

Note 1 requires a load sensitivity of 20 lbf or less for these (the SI figure printed in the standard, 67 kN, is inconsistent — 20 lbf ≈ 89 N is the operative requirement).

Mechanical machines must be run with the balance beam kept in a constantly floating position

Cold Crushing Strength (CCS)

-Spherical bearing block: whose plane surface area is equal to or greater than the specimen cross-section;

kept thoroughly lubricated, positioned so the sphere center aligns with the specimen's vertical axis; seat adjusted by hand under small initial load.

-Bedding material: 0.25 in (6.4 mm) cellulose fiber wall‑board (Masonite), extending ≥0.5 in beyond specimen edges for dense brick and castable samples.

$ASTM C133 Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories Test$

Modulus of Rupture (MOR)

Bearing cylinders / bearing surfaces with radius of curvature 5/8 in. (16 mm);

i.e. cylindrical pieces 1¼ in. (32 mm) diameter; for 6×1×1 in. (152×25×25 mm) specimens the radius is 3/16 in. (5 mm) (≈3/8 in. / 10 mm dia. cylinders).

All bearing surfaces must be straight and at least as long as the specimen width.

Lower bearing supports must allow alignment with the underside of the specimen, because brick may have a longitudinal twist.

$ASTM C133 Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories Test$

Test Specimen Information

1, CCS

Material	Specimen	Key requirements
Brick & shapes (bulk density > 100 lb/ft³ / 1.60 g/cm³)	2 in. (51 mm) cubes or 2 in. dia × 2 in. high cylinders	Height parallel to the original pressing direction; special shapes → only one specimen per shape, preserve as many original surfaces as possible; abrasive preparation (wheel, core drill, rubbing bed) permitted if it does not weaken structure
Insulating brick/shapes (≤100 lb/ft³ or >45 % total porosity)	4½ × 4½ × 2½ in. or 3 in. (114×114×64 or 76 mm), each from a different brick	May be cut from MOR half-bricks; must be free of cracks/chips; faces approximately parallel planes
Castables	2×2×2 in. cubes or 2 in. dia × 2 in. cylinders, cast or gunned	One specimen may be taken from each 9×2×2 in. bar after MOR test; dry 220–230 °F (105–110 °C) for 18 h, cool naturally to touch, test within 2 h of removal from the oven (Practices C862, C1054)

2, MOR

Material	Specimen
Brick & shapes (>100 lb/ft³)	Preferred: standard 9 × 4½ × 2½ or 3 in. (228×114×64/76 mm) whole brick or equivalent cut specimen. Alternatives where brick size is impractical: 9 × 2 × 2 in. (228×51×51 mm) or 6 × 1 × 1 in. (152×25×25 mm)
Insulating brick (≤100 lb/ft³ or >45 % porosity)	Whole brick 9 × 4½ × 2½ or 3 in., or equivalent cut from larger shapes
Castables	9 × 2 × 2 in. (228×51×51 mm) bars cast or gunned; top/bottom and sides approximately plane and parallel; same 105–110 °C / 18 h drying and 2 h test window

Material

Specimen

Brick & shapes (>100 lb/ft³)

Preferred: standard 9 × 4½ × 2½ or 3 in. (228×114×64/76 mm) whole brick or equivalent cut specimen.

Alternatives where brick size is impractical: 9 × 2 × 2 in. (228×51×51 mm) or 6 × 1 × 1 in. (152×25×25 mm)

Insulating brick (≤100 lb/ft³ or >45 % porosity)

Whole brick 9 × 4½ × 2½ or 3 in., or equivalent cut from larger shapes

Castables

9 × 2 × 2 in. (228×51×51 mm) bars cast or gunned; top/bottom and sides approximately plane and parallel; same 105–110 °C / 18 h drying and 2 h test window

Details Test Procedures of ASTM C133 Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories Test

Cold Crushing Strength Procedure

1. Prepare minimum 5 (preferably 10 for insulation grade) defect‑free specimens; conduct required drying pre‑treatment for castables.

2. Install specimen in compression fixture: place bedding fiber board for dense brick/castable samples; place spherical bearing block and ensure central axial alignment, lubricate spherical seat.

3. Set testing machine loading rate according to refractory type. For dense high‑strength refractories, optionally pre‑load to half estimated failure load at higher speed, switch to standard loading rate.

4. Apply compressive load until specimen failure, record maximum load value.

5. Measure specimen loaded‑face dimensions, calculate individual CCS value using formula $S=W/A$.

6. Compute sample average cold crushing strength and standard deviation, compile full test report.

Modulus of Rupture Procedure

1. Prepare minimum 5 specimens (10 preferred for insulating grades); finish drying‑cooling procedure for castable bars.

2. Install specimen on bending support rollers with specified span; place original surface as tension face; align specimen properly.

3. Set machine loading rate as per standard table. For high‑strength material, pre‑load to half estimated fracture load if needed, switch to standard loading rate.

4. Apply mid‑span concentrated load until specimen fractures, record peak fracture load and fracture position.

5. Measure specimen cross‑section dimension and support span length, calculate MOR via formula $MOR=3PL/(2bd^2)$.

6. Calculate sample mean MOR and standard deviation, complete formal report.

Test Application (Industry & Material Scope)

ASTM C133 is widely used across refractory‑related sectors:

Refractory R&D and new‑material development;
Engineering design of high‑temperature furnaces, kilns, incinerators, metallurgical heaters, cement kilns, petrochemical thermal equipment;
Manufacturing quality‑control for refractory brick, precast block, castable, rammed, gunned monolithic refractory products;
Development and acceptance check of purchasing specifications for refractory materials for steel, non‑ferrous metal, cement, glass, power plant industries.

Related Standard:

ASTM D790	Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
ASTM C583	Modulus of rupture at elevated temperatures — the high-temperature counterpart of the MOR half of C133; oxidizing atmosphere, 5-in. (127 mm) span, bearing edges of ~¼ in. (6 mm) radius, stress rate 1312.5 psi (9.05 MPa)/min
ASTM C133	Standard Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories
ISO 10059-1	Dense shaped refractory products — Determination of cold compressive strength — Part 1: Referee test without packing — the ISO counterpart for dense products. Uses 50 mm cubes or cylinders, stress rate 1.0 ± 0.1 MPa/s, machine to ISO 7500-1 Grade 2, platen hardness 58–62 HRC, flatness ≤0.03 mm; packing/gaskets are not allowed in the referee test
ISO 8895	Shaped insulating refractory products — Determination of cold crushing strength — ISO counterpart for insulating products (true porosity ≥45 %); half-brick 114×114×76 or 114×114×64 mm, dry at 110 ± 5 °C, stress rate 0.05 MPa/s (<10 MPa) or 0.2 MPa/s (≥10 MPa), terminate at collapse or 90 % height, S = F_max/(l×b)
ISO 178	Plastics — Determination of flexural properties
ASTM C20	Apparent porosity / water absorption / bulk density — underpins the 45 % true porosity split that dictates which C133 specimen size and loading rate to use
ISO 1209-1	Rigid cellular plastics - Determination of flexural properties - Part 1: Basic bending test
ISO 5014	Refractory products — Determination of modulus of rupture at ambient temperature — the ISO counterpart to the MOR half of C133 (cited within ISO 5013)
ASTM C203	Standard Test Methods for Breaking Load and Flexural Properties of Block-Type Thermal Insulation, commonly used in North America as the functional counterpart for insulation boards.

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Q1. What is ASTM C133?

ASTM C133-24 is the standard published by ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories (Subcommittee C08.01) titled Standard Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories. It covers two room-temperature mechanical tests on dried or fired refractory shapes of all types: Cold Crushing Strength (CCS) — compressive strength (Sections 4–8), and Modulus of Rupture (MOR) — three-point flexural strength (Sections 9–13).

Q2. Why is ASTM C133 important?

Because cold strength is the single most widely used parameter for evaluating refractories. It is the contractual acceptance criterion in almost every refractory purchase specification, and it serves four distinct business purposes stated in the standard itself (Section 3.5): research & development, engineering application and design, manufacturing process control, and developing purchasing specifications.

Q3. What does cold strength actually tell you about the material?

Five things (and one thing it does not):

Ability to survive handling, packing, shipping and masonry cutting without breakage.
Resistance to abrasion and mechanical impact in relatively low-temperature service.
Degree of bond formation during production — CCS/MOR respond sharply to forming pressure, binder chemistry and content, curing, drying and firing temperature, making them the earliest warning signal of a batch problem.
Structural load-bearing capacity for arches, domes, walls and bottoms during heat-up.
Input data for thermal-stress design models (with E-modulus and thermal expansion).

Q4. Can I save material by cutting the CCS specimen from a broken MOR bar?

Yes. Both the standard explicitly permits it: insulating CCS pieces may be cut from MOR half-bricks (5.2 / Table 1 footnote D), and one CCS cube may be taken from each 9 × 2 × 2 in. castable bar after the MOR test (5.3). The section must be free of cracks, chipped surfaces and obvious defects.

Q5. What is the grain-size rule and why does it exist?

If the largest grain in the material exceeds 0.25 in. (6.4 mm), you must never prepare 6 × 1 × 1 in. (152 × 25 × 25 mm) MOR specimens. A single large grain occupying a large fraction of a 1 in. cross-section dominates the fracture behaviour, so the small specimen no longer represents the brick.

Q6. How is failure defined?

For CCS: collapse of the specimen (inability to support load), or reduction of specimen height to 90 % of its original value — whichever comes first. Record the maximum applied load. For MOR: fracture at mid-span; record maximum load and the location of the fracture plane.

Q7. Can one machine do both CCS and MOR?

Yes, if it is a compression-capable frame with enough daylight and a three-point bending fixture that can be swapped in. The real constraint is force capacity range: dense firebrick CCS needs ~160 kN of capacity, while insulating firebrick MOR breaks at roughly 1.5 kN (≈330 lbf) yet still demands ≤20 lbf (89 N) readable resolution. That is a ~2000:1 span, which is why dual-range or dual-load-cell machines (or two dedicated machines) are the practical answer.

Q8. Is C133 the same as ISO 10059 / ISO 8895 / ISO 5014?

No, and results are not interchangeable. Key differences: ISO 10059-1:2025 uses 50 mm cubes/cylinders at 1.0 ± 0.1 MPa/s, and its referee method forbids the packing/gasket that C133 requires for dense products — published comparisons put ISO results roughly 20 % higher on average, with cube-vs-cylinder adding ~4 % and the faster rate up to ~7 %. Chinese equivalents are GB/T 5072 (CCS) and GB/T 3001 (MOR). Pick one standard per specification and never mix.

Q9: Can I directly compare CCS / MOR test results from different labs or test reports?

Not unless all test parameters are fully identical. Specimen size, cutting/grinding surface status, grain‑size vs specimen dimension ratio, loading orientation, fixture alignment, stress rate can heavily change final strength numbers. If any parameter differs, side‑by‑side comparison is invalid.

Special restriction: Never use 6×1×1 in specimens if material maximum grain size >0.25 in (6.4 mm).

Q10: Why choose ASTM C133‑24 Refractory Cold Crushing Strength & Modulus of Rupture Tester from UnitedTest?

UnitedTest supplies ASTM C133‑24 compliant refractory testing machines for cold crushing strength (CCS) and modulus of rupture (MOR) 3‑point bending test for brick, insulating brick and castable refractories. Custom fixtures available.

UnitedTest is a professional manufacturer of material testing machines delivering fully‑compliant test systems for ASTM C133‑24 Standard Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories.

Our refractory testing systems perform both cold crushing strength (CCS, compression test) and cold modulus of rupture (MOR, three‑point flexural bending test) for dense refractory brick, insulating firebrick, castables, gunned monolithics and rammed refractory samples. Suitable for refractory manufacturing QC laboratory, university R&D, third‑party inspection and furnace engineering procurement qualification testing.

✅ Full compliance with ASTM C133‑24 requirements

Supports both constant stress‑rate and strain‑rate control, loading rate tolerance within ±10 % as required by standard.
Complete fixture kits: spherical self‑aligning bearing block assembly for compression test; set of hardened steel bending rollers / rocker supports for 3‑point MOR test, matching specimen sizes: 2‑inch cubes, 9×4.5×2.5 in bricks, 9×2×2 in castable bars and small 6×1×1 in specimens.
Software pre‑embedded with ASTM C133 calculation formulas: automatic calculation for Cold Crushing Strength $S=W/A$ and Modulus of Rupture $MOR=3PL/(2bd^2)$. Output test report including individual specimen data, average value and standard deviation directly matching ASTM C133 report requirements.
Force measurement traceable to ASTM E4 calibration standard. Hydraulic and electromechanical machine models available; hydraulic configuration recommended for low‑strength insulating refractories as per standard note.

✅ Industry ApplicationOur ASTM C133 refractory testers are widely used for quality control and material evaluation in refractory plants, metallurgy, cement kiln, glass furnace, petrochemical thermal equipment, power boiler, high‑temperature ceramic industries and research institutes.

✅ UnitedTest Custom ServiceWe provide custom service including:

Custom fixture for non‑standard refractory specimen dimensions;
Optional matching drying oven for castable specimen pre‑treatment;
Local language software, report template customization;
Global after‑sales support for laboratories worldwide.

Looking for ASTM C133 test equipment for your refractory lab? Contact UnitedTest for technical specification and quotation for cold crushing strength & modulus of rupture testing machine.

We offer customization to meet your specific needs. Our expert team will collaborate with you to develop the perfect product for you