ISO 5402‑1 Leather Flex Resistance Test | UnitedTest Bally Flexometer

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ISO 5402‑1 Leather Flex Resistance Tester | Bally‑Type Flexometer | UnitedTest

ISO 5402‑1 Bally‑type flexometer measures dry and wet flex resistance for leather and leather finishes under repeated folding cycles for leather below 3.0 mm thickness. UnitedTest manufactures ISO 5402‑1 compliant leather flex resistance testing machines, compare with ASTM D6182 finish evaluation.

ISO 5402‑1 is an international standard specifying the Bally‑type flexometer method to determine flex resistance of leather substrates and their surface finishes. This standard is applicable for all flexible leather materials with thickness less than 3.0 mm, supporting both dry‑condition and wet‑condition flex resistance testing. During testing, a continuous running fold is formed on the leather specimen, and flexing cycles are counted until visible damage occurs on the sample.

Different from ASTM D6182 which only evaluates finish performance using a 0‑5 damage rank system, ISO 5402‑1 carries out descriptive assessment covering both leather substrate and surface finish damage modes, including cracks, fine cracks, micro‑cracks, loss of adhesion, powdering, shade change and other typical failure phenomena. It delivers practical cycle‑count data for material comparison, incoming inspection, batch quality control and product qualification for footwear, upholstery, garment and automotive leather.

UnitedTest designs and produces high‑performance ISO 5402‑1 compliant Bally‑type leather flexometer testing machines. Our equipment accurately simulates repeated folding stress, supports dry and wet specimen testing modes, and records flex cycles to first visible damage, supplying repeatable test data for tanneries, leather product manufacturers and independent third‑party testing laboratories.

Test Principle:

A rectangular leather specimen is folded lengthwise with the grain/finished surface facing inward at the fold. The folded end is secured in a movable upper clamp, and the free end is mounted in a fixed lower clamp. The upper clamp reciprocates at a defined flexing angle, making a moving fold travel across the specimen to simulate repeated real‑world bending stress. Testing pauses at predefined cycle intervals. Operators inspect the flex zone to detect finish or substrate damage, ignoring any damage occurring inside clamping areas.

Test Specimen Information

Sampled per ISO 2418; prepared/conditioned per ISO 2419.

Minimum 4 pieces for dry, 4 for wet:

2 with long edge parallel to backbone

2 with long edge perpendicular to backbone

Dimensions: 70 × 45 mm (cut by press knife).

Thickness limit: < 3.0 mm. If thicker, thin one end max 15 mm length to fit upper clamp (stiff leather may still be untestable by this method).

Dry: condition in ISO 2419 atmosphere, test in same.

Wet: vacuum-immerse in water (<4 kPa, 2 min, repeat 3× total pressure cycles), blot excess, test immediately.

Test Equipment of ISO 5402-1 Leather Flex Resistance Test

Flexometer (Bally flex test machine)

Movable upper clamp: two acceptable geometric designs.

Flexing angle: 22.5° ± 0.5°. Vertical distance between upper‑clamp ledge and lower‑clamp top edge: 25.0 ± 0.5 mm.

Fixed lower clamp.

Cycle counter for recording flex cycles. Typical operating speed: 100 cycles/min.

ISO 5402-1 Leather Flex Resistance Test

Press‑cutting die

cuts specimens to **70 ± 1 mm × 45 ± 1 mm**, complying with ISO 2419.

Auxiliary tools

1. Magnifier: 4‑6× magnification for routine visual inspection; 25× stereo‑microscope for micro‑crack identification.

2. Vacuum‑desiccator system: desiccator plus vacuum pump reaching pressure below 4 kPa, required for wet‑test sample vacuum soaking.

3. Reagent: Grade‑3 distilled/deionized water (ISO 3696).

4. Auxiliary tools: glass dishes (≥100 mm diameter), 10 mm‑diameter mandrel, metal clip for auxiliary crack‑assessment bending.

Key Test Parameters and stipulations:

Applicable leather thickness	≤ 3.0 mm flexible leather
Specimen size	70 ± 1 mm × 45 ± 1 mm
Flexing angle	22.5° ± 0.5°
Typical flex frequency	100 cycles / minute
Vacuum soaking for wet specimens	Pressure < 4 kPa, hold 2 min; repeat vacuum‑release cycle twice
Standard recommended cycle list	Dry: 500 / 1000 / 5000 / 10000 / 20000 / 25000 / 50000 / 100000 / 150000 / 200000 / 250000 cycles; Wet: 500 / 1000 / 2500 / 10000 / 20000 / 25000 / 50000 cycles
Inspection magnification	4‑6× magnifier (routine); 25× microscope (micro‑crack detection)

No elongation applied during clamping (critical stipulation).

Grain surface folded inward in upper clamp; outward in lower clamp.

No tension between clamps; rear edge must be perpendicular to lower clamp.

Ignore damage inside clamped areas; only assess flexed zone.

Damage descriptors (not a single score):

cracks (naked eye) / fine cracks (4–6×) / micro-cracks (25×)

finish crazing, loss of adhesion (finish-to-leather or inter-coat), powdering/flaking, grey shade change, colour contrast at cracks

If only 1 of 4 specimens shows slight damage at final inspection, repeat with new 4 pieces; final result = worst piece, or “no damage” if all repeats pass.

Test Procedures of ISO 5402-1 Leather Flex Resistance Test

1. Open upper‑clamp and lower‑clamp gaps to at least twice the thickness of the leather specimen.

2. Rotate the machine shaft until the lower edge of the upper clamp is parallel to the top edge of the fixed lower clamp.

3. Fold the specimen lengthwise in half, aligning long edges precisely, grain‑side faces together. Insert folded edge into upper clamp, rest fold against the clamp ledge, push specimen end against the stop screw, tighten securely to prevent slippage.

4. Pull the free corners of the specimen downwards and outwards around the upper‑clamp assembly, bring inner surfaces together, and place the free end into the opened lower‑clamp slot.

5. Press the specimen against the 45° sloped face of the upper‑clamp block, ensure the lower specimen segment is vertical, then fasten the lower clamp tightly. Confirm no pre‑stretch is applied to the sample.

6. Verify the rear edge of the specimen is perpendicular relative to the lower‑clamp plane; re‑mount if misaligned.

7. Set the machine to run for selected target flex cycles from the standard‑recommended cycle list. For wet‑state tests, perform re‑wetting treatment every 25 000 cycles if continuing testing.

8. Stop the machine, remove the specimen. Examine the flexed zone under good lighting with naked eyes and magnifier. Ignore damage located within clamped regions.

9. For deeper crack assessment: bend specimen around the 10 mm mandrel, slightly stretch the sample. Use 25‑times stereo‑microscope to identify micro‑cracks when needed. Document all observed damage types.

10. If continuing testing, re‑install specimen using clamp‑mark references to restore original position, restart equipment and run to next inspection‑cycle point. Repeat inspection sequence.

11. Execute retest protocol if only one replicate shows minor damage. Compile observations for the formal test report.

Industry / Application Fields

ISO 5402‑1 is widely adopted in global leather‑manufacturing quality‑control laboratories, third‑party testing institutes, and chemical‑finish R&D labs. Typical end‑products include:

- Footwear upper leather

- Leather apparel & garment leather

- Handbags, wallets and leather accessories

- Furniture upholstery leather

- Automotive interior leather

It is used for incoming‑material QC, finish‑formula comparison, batch‑release verification, supplier qualification, and product‑performance benchmarking.

Related & Similar Standards

ISO 3376	Leather — Determination of tensile strength and elongation
ISO 32100	Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics — flex resistance by flexometer (the Bally apparatus basis).
ASTM D2209	Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Leather
ASTM D6182	Standard Test Method for Flexibility and Adhesion of Finish on Leather
ASTM D2210	Standard Test Method for Grain Crack and Extension of Leather by the Mullen Test
ISO 5402-1	Leather — Determination of flex resistance — Part 1: Flexometer method
QB/T 2714	Physical and mechanical testing of leather Determination of folding fastness
ISO 5402-2	Vamp flex method (different apparatus, shoe-vamp simulation).
SATRA TM55	footwear upper flex resistance (Bally).
JIS K 6545	Testing method for flexing endurance of light leathers and their surface finishes
DIN 53351	Testing of artificial leather and similar shut materials - Behaviour at permanent folding (Flexometer-method)

Why the Test Is Important for the Material

Leather in service is cyclically bent (walking, sitting, folding a bag). Failure modes are not captured by tensile strength alone:

Finish micro-cracking at creases

Top-coat delamination / powdering

Grain cracking, loose grain, grey finish film

Accelerated failure when wet (sweat, rain, humidity)

ISO 5402-1 gives a global, buyer-accepted cycle-based benchmark (“pass 50 000 dry / 25 000 wet flexes with no crack”) so tanneries, brands, and labs can compare leathers, approve finishes, troubleshoot field returns, and write enforceable purchase specs.

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Bally Leather Flex Resistance Tester simulates repeated daily bending, folding, and flexing movements of leather products during long-term use, accurately detecting surface cracking, coating peeling, powdering, crease damage, and adhesive failure of leather samples after specified flex cycles.

WDW Series Computer Control Electronic Universal Testing Machine made by UNITEDTEST range from 100N to 600KN load capacity with various models like single columns, table type, door frame type etc., is used to perform tension, compression, flexure/bending, shearing, peeling etc., test for metal and nonmetal specimens.

Snubbing and Capstan grips are all engineered to perform high strength tensile tests where the test samples are long compared to their cross-sectional area, such as wire, rope and strapping.

Q1: What is ISO 5402‑1:2022 test, and why is it important for leather industry?

A: ISO 5402‑1:2022 is the international Bally flexometer test for measuring dry‑state and wet‑state flex resistance of flexible leather and its surface finishes, for leather thickness ≤ 3.0 mm. It simulates repeated bending fatigue in real‑life use for shoes, bags, upholstery and leather garments. Static visual inspection cannot discover hidden risks like micro‑cracks, finish delamination, flaking or substrate damage. This test captures failure points at different flex cycles, supports supplier qualification, finish chemical R&D, batch release, and reduces end‑product complaints. It can also be used as pre‑treatment for other leather performance tests.

Q2: What equipment is required for ISO 5402‑1:2022 test?

A: Primary instrument: Bally‑type flexometer. Key hardware requirements:

- Movable upper clamp (two valid geometries: Specification 1 or Specification 2, flexing angle 22.5° ± 0.5°)

- Fixed lower clamp; vertical distance between upper‑clamp ledge and lower‑clamp top edge = 25.0 ± 0.5 mm

- Cycle counter, typical operating speed: 100 cycles/min

- Cutting die for 70 ± 1 mm × 45 ± 1 mm specimens

- 4‑6× magnifier, 25× stereo‑microscope for micro‑crack inspection

- Vacuum desiccator + vacuum pump (<4 kPa) for wet‑test vacuum soaking

- Grade‑3 distilled/deionized water, glass dishes, mandrel and auxiliary clips.

Q3: What are the specimen requirements for ISO 5402‑1:2022?

A: Specimen dimension: 70 ± 1 mm × 45 ± 1 mm. Sampling complies with ISO 2418. Minimum four specimens for dry test OR four specimens for wet test; minimum two cut long‑edge parallel to leather backbone, two cut perpendicular to backbone, to account for leather anisotropy. For leather thicker than 3 mm, only a maximum 15 mm section at one end can be thinned for clamping; extremely stiff leather is unsuitable for this method.

Q4: What is the difference between dry‑flex test and wet‑flex test in ISO 5402‑1?

A: ‑ Dry flex: Condition specimens following ISO 2419, run test under standard conditioned lab atmosphere.

‑ Wet flex: Submerge samples in water, apply vacuum below 4 kPa for 2 min, release pressure; repeat vacuum‑release cycles twice. Blot excess water and start testing immediately. For long‑run wet tests, remove specimens every 25000 cycles, re‑apply vacuum‑soaking treatment before resuming flexing.

Wet‑state test simulates sweat, rain and high‑humidity scenarios; many leather finishes lose flexibility and adhesion under moist conditions.

Q5: What common sample‑mounting mistakes cause unreliable ISO 5402‑1 test results?

A: 1. Applying pre‑tension / stretching force when clamping specimens; the standard requires zero elongation during mounting.

2. Mis‑fold specimen: grain/finish surface not folded face‑to‑face inward.

3. Specimen fold not seated properly against the upper‑clamp ledge, leading to slippage during flexing.

4. Lower specimen segment is not perpendicular to lower clamp.

If abnormal bulging / ballooning happens during flexing, this observation must be documented in test report.

Q6: How to evaluate and record damage for ISO 5402‑1 test?

A: Ignore damage located inside clamped zones. Inspect flex zone under good lighting. Three crack grades:

‑ cracks: visible to naked eye

‑ fine cracks: visible with 4‑6× magnifier

‑ micro cracks: only visible under 25× stereo‑microscope

Document observed failure modes: finish shade change/greying, finish cracking, loss of finish‑substrate adhesion, inter‑coat delamination, powdering or flaking of finish layers. Report the worst‑performing specimen result. If only one replicate shows slight damage, run retest with minimum four new specimens per standard retest rule.

Q7: Does ISO 5402‑1 set a fixed mandatory flex cycle number?

A: No. The standard provides a recommended cycle list for dry and wet testing, but target cycle count is defined by product specification and end‑use requirements. You can stop and inspect at multiple intermediate cycle points during one test run, not only at one final endpoint.

Q8: What are the key differences between ISO 5402‑1:2022 and ASTM D6182‑23?

A: 1. ISO 5402‑1 supports periodic intermediate inspection at multiple cycle points; ASTM D6182‑23 only evaluates damage after one single final‑endpoint cycle.

2. ISO 5402‑1 uses vacuum‑assisted soaking for wet samples; ASTM D6182‑23 uses simple 20‑min immersion soaking without vacuum.

3. ISO 5402‑1 uses descriptive damage wording; ASTM D6182‑23 applies fixed 1‑5 ranking scale.

4. ISO 5402‑1 applies to flexible leather ≤ 3.0 mm; ASTM D6182‑23 excludes wet‑blue leather without explicit thickness limit.

Test results from these two standards are not directly interchangeable even with same Bally flexometer machine.

Q9. Why 22.5° and 100 cpm?

A: The 22.5° ± 0.5° reciprocating fold reproduces a severe but repeatable crease; 100 cpm lets a lab reach 50 000–250 000 cycles in reasonable time. Geometry is inherited from the 1963 Bally design, so legacy data stays comparable.

Q10. Why choose UnitedTest Bally Flexometer — ISO 5402‑1:2022 (IULTCS/IUP 20) Compliant Leather Flex Resistance Tester?

A: UnitedTest is a professional manufacturer of Bally flexometer (leather flex fatigue tester), fully engineered to satisfy ISO 5402‑1:2022 (IULTCS/IUP 20) international leather flex‑resistance standard. Our instrument also supports ASTM D6182‑23 and other global leather‑testing standards for global leather supply‑chain QC.

Our Bally flex tester runs at standard 100 cycles/min flex speed, with upper‑clamp options for both Specification 1 and Specification 2 geometries as defined in ISO 5402‑1. It supports both dry‑condition testing and vacuum‑assisted wet‑soaking test workflow required by ISO 5402‑1. The machine simulates repeated real‑world cyclic bending stress, evaluating cracking, micro‑cracks, finish delamination, flaking and discoloration of finished leather.

Widely used for incoming‑material inspection, tannery batch release, leather finish‑formula R&D, supplier qualification in footwear, leather bags & accessories, furniture upholstery, automotive interior leather and leather apparel industries.

Key Features of UnitedTest ISO 5402‑1 Bally Flexometer

✅ Supports both Specification 1 & Specification 2 upper‑clamp geometries for ISO 5402‑1:2022 compliance

✅ Stable constant 100 cycles/min flexing frequency, flex angle 22.5° ± 0.5°

✅ Preset multi‑cycle inspection points, auto‑stop at target flex cycles

✅ Integrated vacuum‑soaking compatible workflow for wet‑flex specimen preparation

✅ Multi‑station optional for parallel running multiple leather specimens of 70 × 45 mm

✅ Precision‑machined stainless‑steel clamping fixtures, zero‑pre‑tension sample mounting design

✅ Complete technical documentation for laboratory audit and test‑report traceability

✅ Compatible with ISO 2418, ISO 2419, ASTM D6182‑23 test requirements

If you need reliable ISO 5402‑1 leather flex‑resistance testing equipment for your tannery, QC laboratory or third‑party test house, contact UnitedTest for datasheet, quotation and custom configuration solutions.

We offer customization to meet your specific needs. Our expert team will collaborate with you to develop the perfect product for you