ISO 814 Two plate Method Tension for Rubber-to-Metal Adhesion Test

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ISO 814 — Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of adhesion to metal — Two-plate method

ISO 814 specifies a method for determining the adhesion strength of rubber-to-metal bonds where the rubber part is assembled between two parallel metal plates, using the adhesive system under investigation.

It is primarily applied to laboratory-prepared test pieces under standard conditions — used for:

Development of rubber compounds (formulation R&D)

Control of manufacturing methods (bonding process QC)

It covers both vulcanized (thermoset) rubber and thermoplastic elastomers bonded to metal.

Test Principle

A test piece consisting of a rubber cylinder bonded on both circular ends to two parallel metal plates is pulled apart in tension, with the force directed at 90° (perpendicular) to the bonded surfaces. The force required to cause rupture is measured, then divided by the bonded cross-sectional area to obtain the adhesion strength (in Pa or MPa).

The failure can occur in the rubber (cohesive), at the rubber–adhesive interface, at the adhesive–primer interface, at the primer–metal interface, or in the metal substrate — each tells a different story about where the bond is weakest. ISO 814 doesn't just give you a number; it forces you to read the failure mode.

Test Specimen Information

1, Standard Dimensions

The test piece consists of a rubber cylinder sandwiched between two identical circular metal plates:

Rubber cylinder: Thickness = 3 mm ± 0.1 mm; Diameter ranges from 35 mm to 40 mm (measured to the nearest 0.1 mm).

Metal plates: Diameter is approximately 0.1 mm smaller than the rubber cylinder; Thickness ≥ 9 mm.

Design detail: The rubber extends about 0.05 mm beyond the metal plate edges to prevent rubber tearing caused by metal edges during testing.

Shape: Circular disc / cylinder — rubber sandwiched between two flat parallel metal plates.

ISO 814 Two plate Method Tension for Rubber-to-Metal Adhesion Test

2, Specimen Preparation rules:

Material Selection for Metal Plates: Rolled carbon steel is the preferred material. Other metals are allowed if they meet dimensional requirements. Metal surfaces are treated according to the tested adhesive or bonding system.

Rubber Disc Preparation: Cut rubber with a circular die to leave slight flash after molding. The bonding surface of rubber is treated per the specified process.

Assembly & Molding: Assemble rubber discs and metal plates in a mold, then perform vulcanization/bonding in a press with strictly controlled temperature, pressure and time (per the target bonding system).

Handling: Keep rubber and metal bonding surfaces free of dust, moisture and contaminants. Do not touch bonding surfaces by hand. Remove specimens from the mold carefully after curing to avoid pre-stress on bonded interfaces before cooling.

3, Number of Specimens: At least three test pieces shall be tested.

Test Equipment required for ISO 814:

Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

It shall conform to ISO 5893, with force measurement accuracy of Class 2.

The moving grip operates at a constant traverse rate of 25 mm/min ± 5 mm/min.

Electronic or optical transducer-type dynamometers are preferred over inertia (pendulum) types, as pendulum devices may produce biased results due to friction and inertial interference.

Fixtures / grips

Custom fixtures are used to clamp the two metal plates of the test piece, ensuring precise centering of the load and uniform stress distribution across the bonded surface during tension.

The fixtures include threaded connecting parts and split clamps to hold the test piece securely.

ISO 814 Two plate Method Tension for Rubber-to-Metal Adhesion Test

Auxiliary Tools & Devices

Molding press: For vulcanizing and bonding rubber and metal plates under controlled temperature, pressure and time.

Measuring tools: Calipers (accuracy 0.1 mm) to measure specimen dimensions.

Environmental chamber: For specimen conditioning at standard laboratory temperatures.

Test Parameters

Parameter	Value / Tolerance
Crosshead speed (rate of traverse)	25 mm/min ± 5 mm/min (constant)
Force measurement accuracy	Class 2 per ISO 5893
Rubber thickness	3.0 ± 0.1 mm
Rubber diameter	35 – 40 mm (measured to 0.1 mm)
Conditioning temp	23±2°C or 27±2°C for ≥16 h
Number of specimens	≥ 3
Bonded area	Based on measured rubber cylinder diameter → A = πd²/4

ISO 814 Two plate Method Tension for Rubber-to-Metal Adhesion Test Procedure:

1, Pre-test Check & Calibration: Verify that the tensile machine and fixtures are fully calibrated. Record laboratory temperature.

2, Specimen Installation: Mount the conditioned test piece into the dedicated fixtures. Adjust position strictly to ensure perfect centering for uniform load distribution.

3, Tensile Test: Start the tensile machine with a constant traverse speed of 25 mm/min ± 5 mm/min. Pull the two metal plates apart until the bonded assembly ruptures completely.

4, Data Recording: Record the maximum force at the moment of rupture immediately.

5, Failure Assessment: Observe the fracture surface and mark the failure type with the corresponding standard symbol. Record the percentage of each failure type if multiple failure modes appear.

6, Batch Testing: Repeat the above steps for all remaining specimens (at least 3 pieces per group).

7, Result Calculation: Calculate adhesion strength (Pa) for each specimen, then organize all data.

Adhesion Strength σ=F_max/ A

F_max= maximum force (N)
$A$ = cross-sectional area of the rubber cylinder = $π d^{2} /4$ (m²)
Result expressed in pascals (Pa) or MPa

8, Test Report Compilation: Compile all raw data, parameters and failure information into a formal test report as required by the standard.

* Failure Mode Symbols

This is one of the most valuable parts of ISO 814 — it forces a forensic read of wherethe bond failed:

Symbol	Meaning
R	Failure in the rubber (cohesive rubber failure — the bond is stronger than the rubber itself, generally good)
RC	Failure at the rubber ↔ adhesive layer interface
CP	Failure at the adhesive layer ↔ primer interface (if primer used)
PS	Failure at the primer ↔ metal substrate interface (if primer used)
CS	Failure at the adhesive ↔ metal substrate interface (no primer used)
D	Failure at rubber ↔ metal interface — direct adhesion, i.e. no adhesive used
S	Failure in the substrate (metal — rare)

Industry Fields & Applications

Industry / Field	Application
Automotive	Engine mounts, suspension bushings, anti-vibration components — rubber bonded to steel brackets
Railway	Elastomeric chevron springs, axlebox mounts — rubber-to-metal bonded conical/cylindrical parts
Industrial machinery	Vibration isolators, shock mounts, coupling elements
Aerospace	Specialty dampers and isolators (with aerospace-grade adhesives/metals)
Bridge & civil engineering	Elastomeric bridge bearings — rubber bonded between steel shims (QA of bond integrity)
Rubber compound / adhesive mfgr	R&D screening of new rubber formulations, primers, and bonding agents before committing to production tooling

Related Test Standard:

NF T46-059	Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of adhesion to metal - Two-plate method.
GB/T 11211	Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of adhesion to metal - Two-plate method
ISO 5893	Specifies technical requirements for tensile, flexural and compression test machines with constant traverse rate; defines the Class 2 accuracy rule for the tensile machine used in this test.
ASTM D429	Standard Test Methods for Rubber Property ;Adhesion to Rigid Substrates
ISO 813	Related standard for rubber-to-metal adhesion but using a peel / angle pull approach rather than pure 90° tension
ISO 5600	Rubber. Determination of adhesion to rigid materials using conical shaped parts

A single column tensile tester is a sophisticated material testing instrument designed for measuring mechanical properties of various materials under tension, compression, bending, shear, and other loading conditions. As the name suggests, it features a single vertical column supporting a moving crosshead that applies force to test specimens.

Textile fabric tensile fixtures complying with ASTM D5035 and ISO 13934.1 are specialized clamping devices for testing the tensile strength and elongation at break of textiles. They are designed based on the strip method specified by both standards, which guarantees the test accuracy.

Q1: What is ISO 814?

A: ISO 814 is an international standard that specifies a laboratory method for determining the adhesion strength of rubber-to-metal bonds using a two-plate test piece. It measures the force required to pull apart a rubber cylinder bonded between two parallel metal plates under controlled conditions.

Q2: Why is ISO 814 important?

A: It is important because:

The rubber–metal bond is often the weakest link in vibration isolators, engine mounts, and bridge bearings.

It provides a standardized, repeatable metric for comparing different rubber compounds, adhesives, and surface treatments.

It helps detect process flaws (e.g., poor surface prep, incorrect cure) before parts reach the field.

The failure mode analysis (R, RC, CP, etc.) guides corrective action—you know wherethe bond failed, not just how strong it was.

It supports quality control, R&D, and supplier qualification across safety‑critical industries.

Q3: Why does rubber extend slightly beyond the metal plate edge?

A: The rubber protrudes roughly 0.05 mm to prevent sharp metal edges from cutting the rubber and causing abnormal tearing during the tensile test.

Q4: Is a pendulum-type tensile machine recommended for this test?

A: Not recommended. Friction and inertial effects of pendulum dynamometers will cause deviation. Electronic or optical transducer machines are preferred.

Q5: Can ISO 814 results predict real‑world performance?

A: No single coupon test can fully replicate complex service conditions (dynamic loads, temperature cycles, environmental exposure). However, ISO 814 is a critical screening tool that identifies weak bonds early, saving time and cost compared to full‑scale component testing.

Q6: Why is centering so critical?

A: Misalignment causes uneven stress distribution, leading to premature failure and artificially low adhesion values. Proper centering ensures the load is applied perpendicularly and uniformly across the entire bonded area.

Q7: Why does the rubber overhang the metal plates?

A: The slight overhang (~0.05 mm) prevents the sharp metal edge from cutting into the rubber during testing, which would cause misleading failures unrelated to bond strength.

Q8: Why is the rubber thickness fixed at 3 mm?

A: The 3 mm thickness is a standardized dimension chosen to balance practical moulding and to ensure that the bond line is thin enough to represent typical production components while allowing consistent measurement.

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