ISO 36 Rubber plastic peeling test of adhesion strength to textile fabrics

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ISO 36 — Rubber, Vulcanized or Thermoplastic — Determination of Adhesion to Textile Fabrics

ISO 36 defines the standardized 180° peel adhesion test to quantify bonding strength between vulcanized/thermoplastic rubber and textile fabrics via stripping separation force measurement. It does so by measuring the stripping (peel) force required to separate bonded rubber–textile or fabric–fabric (rubber-bonded) assemblies, expressed as force per unit width (N/mm). Tells you how strongly the rubber is glued/chemically bonded to the fabric — and where the bond fails — in composite products where fabric reinforcement and rubber coexist.

Test Principle

The fundamental principle relies on 180° constant-speed peel stripping: under controlled ambient and machine conditions, pull apart bonded rubber-textile composite strips at a fixed traverse rate to continuously record stripping force over a minimum 100 mm peeling length. Adhesion strength equals average stripping force divided by specimen width, representing force per unit width needed to split rubber-fabric interface exclusively; rupture inside rubber or fabric base material means interfacial adhesion exceeds base material’s tensile strength. All peeling is performed at nearly 180° separation angle between fixed base ply and pulled separated ply to eliminate bending-induced force deviation.

Definition of adhesion strength: The force per unit width required to cause separation at the interface between the assembled components.

Specific Test Method

Only one core testing approach specified: 180° peel stripping test, split into two specimen preparation routes (product-cut specimen / lab-prepared specimen, new film masking):

Two specimen preparation sub-methods:

1, Specimen directly cut from finished rubber-textile composite products: Cut from the actual article (tire sidewall section, hose carcass, laminated sheet, etc.). Width = 25 mm ± 0.5 mm; length sufficient for ≥100 mm of measurable separation. Cut with length direction parallel to warp (primary) and optionally also parallel to weft for directional comparison.

2, Laboratory self-fabricated specimen: Molded/composed in lab. One end is masked ≈50 mm with pressure-sensitive tape or plastic film to create an initial adhesion-free zone so the two ends can be introduced into the grips without forcing apart a bonded face.

The actual measurement act is the same for both: manual (or scalpel-assisted) initiation of separation → clamping → 50 mm/min pull → record force trace → compute adhesion from the trace.

ISO 36 Rubber plastic peeling test of adhesion strength to textile fabrics

Test Specimen Information

Parameter	Detail
Width	25 mm ± 0.5 mm (if fabric alignment irregular, piece may be cut slightly wider, but the ply to be strippedis cut to exactly 25 mm)
Minimum separation length measured	≥ 100 mm effective peeling distance after pre-separated 50 mm free end
Cut orientation	Length direction ∥ warp, width ∥ weft (primary); optionally also length ∥ weft for directionality
Thickness reduction	If needed, reduce per ISO 23529 so the separation line stays close to the plane of the clamped strips (prevents the peel from migrating into bulk rubber)
Lab prep masking	Pressure-sensitive tape or plastic film masking ≈50 mm to create starter gap
Number of specimens	3 test pieces per direction unless otherwise specified

ISO 36 Adhesion Strength Peeling Test Equipment & Device:

Tensile Test machine	Power-driven, suitable dynamometer, capable of constant rate of traverse, linked to an autographic recorder or a computer with graphics/data-acquisition; Must comply with ISO 5893:2019, force measurement = Class 1, rate of traverse = 50 mm/min ± 5 mm/min;
Grips	Must hold the test piece and the ply being separated without slippage; must keep strips in the same plane
Recorder / Software	Scale large enough for easy trace reading; software must be able to process data per ISO 6133 multi-peak methodology
Ancillary instruments	Thermometer for temp monitoring; dimensional instruments for width measurement — both calibrated per ISO 18899

Key Test Parameters

Crosshead peeling speed	50 ±5 mm/min
Minimum effective peeling length	≥100 mm
Standard specimen width	25 ±0.5 mm
Pre-separated free end length	~50 mm
Minimum vulcanization-to-test waiting time	≥16 h
Max interval for lab non-product sample	≤4 weeks post-vulcanization
Max interval for finished product sample	≤3 months post-vulcanization; ≤2 months after customer receiving goods
Buffing-to-test interval (if specimen buffed)	16 h ~72 h
Post-specimen-prep minimum conditioning	≥3 h under standard lab temperature
Peeling separation angle	Approx.180°

ISO 36 Peeling test Step-by-Step Test Operating Procedure

1, Prepare specimen: For product-cut samples, manually split ~50 mm end ply; use scalpel to initiate separation if tight bonding prevents manual peeling; lab specimens already have 50 mm pre-unbonded masked end ready for clamping.

2, Mount specimen onto tester: Fix unseparated base composite ply on stationary grip and pre-split peeled ply on moving crosshead grip; adjust alignment to eliminate specimen twisting and ensure gripped strips stay on identical plane, maintain ~180° peel angle setup.

3, Start tensile tester at fixed 50±5 mm/min crosshead speed, continuously strip composite for ≥100 mm effective travel while real-time capturing force curve via recorder/PC system following ISO6133 data processing requirement.

ISO 36 Rubber plastic peeling test of adhesion strength to textile fabrics

4, Stop machine after finishing required peeling length; separate tested parts and identify rupture location then mark standardized failure code (R/RA/AT/RB/T/RT).

5, Repeat above steps for remaining replicate specimens in same test direction, compute final median adhesion strength after finishing all replicates.

Results & Failure Modes

Code	Meaning
R	Failure in the rubber layer
RA	Separation between rubber and adhesive
AT	Separation between adhesive and fabric
RB	Failure in the rubber bond between two fabric plies
T	Failure in the fabric itself
RT	Separation between rubber and fabric (no adhesive present)

Industry Fields (Applications)

ISO 36 is used wherever rubber is structurally bonded to textile reinforcement and the integrity of that interface determines product life:

Industry / Sector	Typical Products
Automotive	Tires (carcass/filler/buffer plies), engine mounts with fabric facing, rubber–textile seals and boots
Industrial rubber goods	Rubber hoses with textile braid/reinforcement, expansion joints, diaphragms
Footwear	Rubber sole–textile upper bonding, insole laminates
Civil / Construction	Rubber–fabric roofing membranes, rubber liners with scrim backing, waterproofing composites
Defense / Aerospace	Reinforced elastomeric composites, fabric-backed rubber track pads
R&D / Materials development	Screening rubber compounds, bonding agents/RFL dips, fabric surface treatments

Related Standards

ASTM D413	Standard Test Methods for Rubber Property—Adhesion to Flexible Substrate
JIS K 6256-1	Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic -- Determination of adhesion strength -- Part 1: Adhesion to textile fabric
GB/T 532	Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of adhesion to textile fabric
ISO 252	Covers textile conveyor belts adhesion — also excluded from ISO 36
ISO 2411	Covers coated fabrics (rubber/plastic coating adhesion)

WDW Series Computer Control Electronic Universal Testing Machine made by UNITEDTEST range from 100N to 600KN load capacity with various models like single columns, table type, door frame type etc., is used to perform tension, compression, flexure/bending, shearing, peeling etc., test for metal and nonmetal specimens.

T-Peel Resistance Test Fixture for Adhesives is based on ASTM D1876 standard, used to measure the adhesion strength of adhesive maeterial. ASTM D1876 peel strength test method is commonly used to measure the strength of adhesive bonds between two sealed materials.

Electric sample punching machine is a sample preparation device designed based on the punching principle, specifically developed for preparing standard samples of sheet-like, film-like, and thin plate materials.

Webbing test fixture used for tensile testing of the webbing, belt test sample, determine the webbing, belt tensile strength, elongation etc., Webbing is a strong fabric woven as a flat strip or tube of varying width and fibres often used in place of rope.

Q1: What is ISO 36:2020?

A: ISO 36:2020 is an international standard that specifies a method for measuring the adhesion strength between vulcanized or thermoplastic rubber and textile fabrics. It uses a stripping (peel) test to quantify the force required to separate bonded rubber–textile or fabric–fabric assemblies, expressed in newtons per millimeter (N/mm).

Q2: Why is the ISO 36 test important?

A: The bond between rubber and textile reinforcement is often the weakest point in composite products like tires, hoses, and footwear. ISO 36 provides a standardized way to assess bond quality, distinguish between adhesion failure and material failure, support quality control and R&D, and ensure safety in applications where delamination could lead to catastrophic failure.

Q3: How are results expressed?

A: Adhesion strength is calculated by dividing the separation force (determined per ISO 6133 multi‑peak analysis) by the specimen width, reported as the median of three test pieces in N/mm. Failure mode is classified using codes: R (rubber failure), RA (rubber–adhesive separation), AT (adhesive–fabric separation), RB (rubber bond failure), T (fabric failure), RT (rubber–fabric separation without adhesive).

Q4: Can ISO 36 be used for curved surfaces?

A: Yes, but only if the internal diameter is greater than approximately 50 mm. It is not applicable for surfaces with sharp bends, angles, or gross irregularities that cannot be excluded when cutting test pieces.

Q5: Which rubber-fabric products are eligible/ineligible for ISO36 test?

A: Applicable: Flat bonded rubber-fabric composite or cylindrical samples with inner diameter＞50 mm (automotive tire carcass, fabric-reinforced rubber hose, rubber damping sheet).

Not applicable: Samples with sharp folds/abrupt irregular bends; coated fabrics (test per ISO 2411); industrial textile conveyor belts (test per ISO 252).

Q6: What is the required peel angle during testing?

A: Separation angle between fixed base ply and moving peeled ply shall stay approximately 180°, and gripped specimen strips must be coplanar to avoid oblique peeling and biased force readings.

Q7: Specimen slips out of grips during peel test, how to fix following ISO36 requirement?

A: 1) Use serrated/anti-slip jaw faces for grips; adjust clamping pressure properly to avoid over-crushing specimen edge.

2) Recheck specimen dimension to ensure peeled ply width strictly 25 mm; correct specimen alignment to eliminate twisting during pulling.

3) Verify grip performance during routine in-use check as required by calibration schedule.

Q8: Test peel curve has abnormal fluctuating peaks leading to confusing data, what’s the reason?

A: 1) Insufficient data sampling frequency of test recorder/computer, failing to capture instantaneous force variation; upgrade data acquisition rate complying with ISO 6133 curve analysis requirement.

2) Unstable crosshead speed deviating from 50±5 mm/min, re-calibrate tester speed per ISO 5893.

3) Irregular specimen cutting causing uneven interface bonding; remake specimens with precise cutting tools.

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