3D‑Printed Concrete Basic Mechanical Properties Test - Compression, Flexural, Shear

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Testing of polymer materials covers mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties, verifying strength, heat resistance, composition, and ensuring product quality and compliance.

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Tensile test evaluates material resistance to stretching, measuring strength/elongation critical for quality control. UnitedTest offers universal tensile testers (10-600KN) compliant with ASTM/ISO standards, providing tailored solutions for metals, polymers, medical & industrial materials.

Compression test assesses material resistance to compressive loads, measuring strength/deformation critical for quality validation. UnitedTest offers compression testing machines compliant with ASTM/ISO standards, providing tailored solutions for concrete, plastics, metals and industrial components.

Flexural & Bend tests evaluate material resistance to bending forces, measuring strength, stiffness and ductility for quality assurance. UnitedTest provides flexural testing machines (3-point/4-point bend) compliant with ASTM/ISO standards, offering tailored solutions for composites, plastics, metals and construction materials.

Torsion Test evaluates material resistance to rotational forces, measuring torsional strength/ductility critical for fasteners, insulators, shafts. UnitedTest offers torsion testers compliant with ASTM A938/ISO 16047, providing tailored solutions for automotive, aerospace, fastener industries.

Fatigue Test assesses material durability under cyclic loading, critical for predicting service life of industrial components. UnitedTest offers fatigue testing systems (axial/bending/torsion) compliant with ASTM E466/ISO 12106, providing tailored solutions for automotive, aerospace and manufacturing sectors.

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Tear & Shear Test evaluates material resistance to tearing and shearing forces, measuring critical strength parameters for quality control. Tear tests (Elmendorf/trouser/trapezoidal) assess resistance to crack propagation in films/fabrics, while shear tests measure resistance to parallel forces in joints/bolts. UnitedTest provides universal testing machines (10KN-600KN) with specialized fixtures for both tests, compliant with ASTM D624/D3164 and ISO standards, serving automotive, packaging and construction industries.

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3D printed concrete is a cement-based building material used for 3D printing construction. It mainly uses cement as the primary binder and fibers as the main reinforcement, and is prepared by adding coarse and fine aggregates, composite retarders, and composite shrinkage compensators.

In 2017, Eindhoven University of Technology completed the world's first 3D printed concrete bridge. The city of Eindhoven in the Netherlands planned to complete the first 3D printed concrete house suitable for living by 2019. In 2024, China National Building Material Institute won the Gold Medal at the 49th Geneva International Invention Exhibition for the "Automatic Vertical Reinforcement Technology Based on 3D Printed Concrete." In 2022, Bao'an in Shenzhen completed the world's largest 3D printed concrete green park.

3D printed concrete technology combines 3D printing with technologies from the ready-mix concrete field, creating a new applied technology. The main idea is to model and segment concrete components in 3D on a computer to generate three-dimensional data, then extrude the prepared concrete mixture through a nozzle according to a set program, controlled mechanically, to print the components. The core of robotic 3D concrete printing lies in algorithm design, which allows the movement of the robotic arm and the printing paths to be quickly generated through independently developed algorithms.

3D printed concrete needs to meet basic requirements like fluidity, extrudability, buildability, setting characteristics, and mechanical performance, with extrudability, buildability, and setting characteristics being unique features of 3D printed concrete.

UnitedTest supplies testing machines for 3D printed concrete per T/CBMF 183: cube & axial compression, elastic modulus, four-point flexural, splitting tensile, interfacial bond and double-shear tests.

Key Test Methods for 3D‑Printed Concrete Basic Mechanical Properties

1, Cubic Compressive Strength Test	Measure cubic compressive strength of 3D‑printed concrete in X, Y, Z three printing directions, reflecting directional compression‑bearing capacity of printed specimens.
Test Equipment	Recommend UnitedTest Compression testing machine comply with ASTM C39 Standard for test methods of physical and mechanical properties of concrete.
Test Specimen info	Each test direction uses 6 pieces. Specimen cross‑section shall contain at least 3 inter‑layer interfaces and 2 inter‑filament interfaces.
Mandatory Stipulations	Loading rate: 0.3‑1.0 MPa/s. Adjust by strength level:＜30 MPa (0.3‑0.5 MPa/s); 30‑60 MPa (0.5‑0.8 MPa/s); ≥60 MPa (0.8‑1.0 MPa/s). Calculation formula:(f_cc=F/b^2). Data treatment: 6 replicates per direction. Reject outliers exceeding ±15 % of mean value. Test invalid if remaining valid specimens less than 3. Result precision: 0.1 MPa.
Test requirement	Need parallel test on cast‑in‑place reference specimens from same concrete batch; report shall clearly mark loading direction (X/Y/Z); apply size‑conversion coefficient for non‑standard specimen sizes.
2, Axial Compressive Strength Test	Determine prism axial compressive strength along X, Y, Z directions for 3D‑printed concrete.
Test Equipment	Recommend UnitedTest Compression testing machine comply with ASTM C39 Standard for test methods of physical and mechanical properties of concrete.
Test Specimen info	Prism specimens: 100 mm×100 mm×300 mm for max aggregate size ≤5 mm; 150 mm×150 mm×300 mm for aggregate＞5 mm. 6 specimens for each loading axial direction.
Mandatory Stipulations	Loading rate range and grading rules are identical to cubic compressive test. Calculation formula: (f_cp=F/b^2). Data processing rule same as cubic compressive test, precision 0.1 MPa.
3, Static Compressive Modulus of Elasticity Test	Measure static compressive elastic modulus E_c of 3D‑printed concrete prism along X/Y/Z directions.
Test Equipment	Compression testing machine, displacement measuring instruments (micrometer dial gauge / displacement sensor / resistance strain gauge), deformation measuring frame.
Test Specimen info	Same prism dimension as axial compressive test. 12 specimens per test direction: 6 for axial compressive strength determination, another 6 for elastic modulus measurement.
Mandatory Stipulations	Formula: E_c = (Fₐ − F₀)/A × L/Δn, with Δn = εₐ − ε₀; report to 100 MPa. First determine f_cp (6 specimens, per 6.2). Then: load to F₀ at 0.5 MPa, hold 60 s, read deformation within the next 30 s; load to Fₐ at ⅓ f_cp (rate as 6.2.5 f), hold 60 s, read in 30 s. If the difference between the two sides / their mean > 20 %, re‑centre and repeat; if it cannot be reduced, the test is invalid. Perform ≥ 2 pre‑loading cycles at the same rates before the final readings.
4. Flexural Strength (Modulus of Rupture) Test	Evaluate flexural tensile capacity of 3D‑printed concrete beam‑shaped specimen under bending load for X/Y/Z loading directions.
Test Equipment	Four‑point bending test setup on material testing machine
Test Specimen info	70.7 mm×70.7 mm cross‑section: length 300 mm 100 mm×100 mm cross‑section: length 400 mm 150 mm×150 mm cross‑section: length 550 mm 6 specimens for each loading direction. Surface defects in middle‑1/3 span are restricted.
Mandatory Stipulations	Four‑point bending; supports/heads set within ±1 mm, contact levelled. Support span / loading span: 70.7×70.7×300 → 212.1 / 70.7; 100×100×400 → 300 / 100; 150×150×550 → 450 / 150 mm. Loading rate tiered by the cube Y‑direction compressive strength: < 30 → 0.02–0.05; 30–60 → 0.05–0.08; ≥ 60 → 0.08–0.10 MPa/s. Record failure load and the fracture location on the bottom edge. Formula: f_f = F·L / (b·h²) (L = support span, b = width, h = height), to 0.1 MPa.
Test requirement	Perform companion test for cast concrete specimens; record fracture location; dimension conversion coefficient for non‑standard sizes.
5. Splitting Tensile Strength and Interfacial Bond Strength Test	Two functions on cubic specimens: Splitting tensile strength: intrinsic splitting tensile property of 3D‑printed concrete in X/Y/Z directions. Interfacial bond strength: bond performance of inter‑layer or inter‑filament printing interfaces.
Test Equipment	Compression test machine, arc‑shaped cushion blocks and strips, positioning fixture
Test Specimen info	Cubic specimens meeting cross‑section requirements. 6 replicates for each test direction (splitting tensile); 6 replicates for each interface type (inter‑layer / inter‑filament bond strength).
Mandatory Stipulations	Rate tiered by cube Y‑direction strength: 0.02–0.05 / 0.05–0.08 / 0.08–0.10 MPa/s (same as flexure). Splitting tensile: load applied at the middle of opposite faces, deliberately avoiding interfaces. Loading along X → split plane ⟂ inter‑layer interfaces and ∥ inter‑filament interfaces; loading along Y or Z → split plane ⟂ both interface families. Interfacial bond: load applied exactly at the interface (specimen oriented/marked so the interface is the split plane): loading along X → inter‑layer bond; along Z → inter‑filament bond. Record if the fracture plane is not perpendicular to the bearing face. Formula: f_ts (or f_b) = 2F/(πA) = 0.637 F/A (A = split‑plane area), to 0.1 MPa.
Test requirement	Carry out cast cubic reference specimen splitting test; record if fracture surface is non‑perpendicular to bearing surface; report must distinguish between bulk splitting tensile result and interface bond‑strength result.
6. Shear Strength Test (Double‑sided Shear Method)	Measure shear strength of 3D‑printed concrete, focusing on shear performance of inter‑layer and inter‑filament printing interfaces.
Test Equipment	Compression testing Machine with one spherical seat plus a double‑shear device: upper and lower blades must move only vertically, no lateral play; blade width ≈ 1/10 of the nominal specimen height h, outer‑edge spacing of the upper blades = H, offset a between upper and lower blades 0–1 mm.
Test Specimen info	Rectangular prism specimens: 70.7 mm×70.7 mm cross‑section: length 200 mm 100 mm×100 mm cross‑section: length 300 mm 150 mm×150 mm cross‑section: length 450 mm 6 specimens for each target interface type.
Mandatory Stipulations	Shear device axis aligned with the machine load line, spherical seat adjusted for uniform contact; load continuously at 0.06–0.10 MPa/s (or 0.06–0.1 mm/min), stop throttling near failure, record max load. If the failure surface is not the intended plane, the test is invalid. Formula: f_v = F/(2·b·h) (two shear planes, b × h each; F = failure load), to 0.1 MPa.
Test requirement	Conduct parallel shear test for cast concrete specimens; align fixture central axis with machine load line; strictly check failure plane after each test; apply conversion coefficient for non‑standard specimen dimension.

What I'd flag as most important in practice:

Anisotropy is the whole point. A single "compressive strength" is meaningless here — you report a triplet (X, Y, Z) for strength, modulus and flexure, plus interface‑specific bond and shear values.

Interfaces must be engineered into the specimen (≥ 3 inter‑layer, ≥ 2 inter‑filament; centred and symmetric) — a specimen cut without interfaces does not represent printed concrete.

Cast control specimens are mandatory for every method; the printed‑vs‑cast gap is the real quality signal.

Two curing regimes (standard + same‑condition) run in parallel, because printed elements are usually cured on site, not in a fog room.

Cutting is a critical step, not a formality: discard ≥ 2 nozzle diameters at the ends, cut 1 d before testing at early ages, keep specimens curing after cutting, and respect the 1.5 mm / 0.1 mm / 1° tolerances.

Invalidity rules are strict (15 % deviation rule, fracture‑location rule for flexure, 20 % centring rule for modulus, wrong failure plane for shear) — plan for more than the minimum 6 specimens per group.

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UnitedTest Hydraulic Compression Strength Testing Machine to test cement, brick and concrete is offered by United Test. Use hydraulic power driving, intelligent measuring and control meter to collect and process data, consist of frame, oil source, control system, test fixture. Accuracy class 1, max. test load 2000KN, 3000KN.

YES series Compressive Strength Testing Equipment to test cement, brick and concrete is offered by United Test. Range 1000KN, 2000KN, and 3000KN, these strength testing equipment are extremely handy and are easy to use for testing cement, concrete and mortar cubes.

Compression and Flexural Integrated Testing Machine used for both flexural strength tests of concrete specimens and compressive strength tests of building materials such as cement, mortar, and red bricks. It can also perform compressive and flexural strength tests of cement mortar.

Q1. What is T/CBMF 183-2022 / T/CCPA 33-2022?

It is the China Building Materials Federation / China Concrete & Cement Products Association standard "Test methods for basic mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete". Drafted by Southeast University and Hebei University of Technology, it was reviewed in December 2021, issued on 2022-06-10 and became effective on 2022-10-10. It covers terms and definitions, general requirements, specimen preparation and curing, and six mechanical test methods for 3D printed concrete used in construction.

Q2. How is it related to GB/T 50081?

GB/T 50081 (Standard for test methods of concrete physical and mechanical properties) is the normative parent method. All six tests in this standard state that "test instruments shall comply with GB/T 50081", and each test requires companion cast specimens from the same batch to be tested first per GB/T 50081 and reported alongside the printed results. The 3D printing standard adds what GB/T 50081 does not have: directional (X/Y/Z) loading, mandatory interface content in specimens, printing/cutting rules and interface bond and shear tests.

Q3. What are the X, Y and Z directions?

X = direction of print head travel (print path); Y = horizontal direction perpendicular to the print path; Z = vertical layer-stacking direction. Every mechanical property is reported as a directional triplet, because extrusion-based printing produces anisotropic behaviour.

Q4. Which six test methods does the standard contain?

Cube compressive strength (f_cc)
Axial (prism) compressive strength (f_cp)
Static compressive elastic modulus (E_c)
Flexural strength, four-point bending (f_f)
Splitting tensile strength (f_ts) and interfacial bond strength (f_b)
Shear strength by double-shear method (f_v)

Q5. How large must a 3D printed concrete specimen be?

The cross-section follows the printed filament dimensions: below 35 mm filament width or 20 mm thickness → 70.7 × 70.7 mm; 35–50 mm / 20–30 mm → 100 × 100 mm; 50–75 mm / 30–45 mm → 150 × 150 mm. Prisms for axial compression and modulus are 100 × 100 × 300 mm (max aggregate ≤ 5 mm) or 150 × 150 × 300 mm (aggregate > 5 mm).

Q6. What is the difference between (inter-layer) and (inter-filament)?

Inter-layer = the horizontal contact between vertically stacked layers. Inter-filament = the vertical contact between side-by-side filaments in the same layer. They are separate weak planes and are tested separately in both bond and shear tests.

Q7. How many specimens are needed?

Six per loading direction for compression, axial compression, flexure, splitting tensile and shear; twelve per axis for elastic modulus (six to establish f_cp, six for the modulus measurement). Six per interface type for interfacial bond.

Q8. What testing machine capacity is needed?

Capacity is driven by specimen size and strength grade. A 150 × 150 mm cube at 60 MPa needs roughly 1,350 kN of ultimate load plus margin, so a 2000 kN frame covers most printed concretes at 150 mm and a 1000 kN frame is ample for 100 mm and 70.7 mm sections. For a mixed laboratory, a 2000 kN electro-hydraulic servo compression testing machine is the safest single-machine choice; add a 300 kN class machine or a universal frame for 70.7 mm cubes, flexure beams and shear prisms where loads are much lower.

Q9. Why is a servo-controlled (closed-loop) machine important here?

Because the standard specifies stress-rate loading in MPa/s with distinct tiers, and the modulus test requires repeated load-hold-read cycles between 0.5 MPa and ⅓ f_cp. A manual or open-loop machine cannot hold 60 s at a defined stress and return repeatably to the same load level; a servo-controlled electro-hydraulic machine does this automatically and logs the load-deformation data.

Q10. Which fixtures does UnitedTest need to supply for full coverage?

Compression bearing plates (hardened, with centring aids) — cube and axial compression
Deformation measuring frame with 150 mm gauge length, dial gauges or LVDTs (or 150 mm strain-gauge option) — elastic modulus
Four-point flexural fixture with adjustable supports and loading heads at 212.1/300/450 mm spans — flexure
Splitting tensile jig: arc-shaped pad + bearing strip + positioning frame — splitting tensile and interfacial bond
Double-shear device: upper/lower blades, vertical motion only, blade width ≈ h/10, 0–1 mm offset, with a spherical seat in the load line — shear

Q11: What functions should test software have for T/CBMF‑183‑2022 3D‑printed concrete mechanical testing?

Support X‑Y‑Z direction labelling for each test dataset;

Built‑in calculation formulas for cube compression, axial compression, elastic modulus, flexural strength, splitting‑tensile / interfacial bond strength, double‑sided shear strength;

Automatic outlier elimination logic (remove data point if deviation > 15 % of group mean, judge test validity when remaining valid specimens less than 3);

Generate test reports compatible with standard Appendix A template, record print parameters, interface count, curing history, parallel cast‑specimen results.

UnitedTest test control & analysis software includes pre‑programmed T/CBMF‑183‑2022 report template for direct export of lab test documents.

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