ASTM D829 Paper & Tissue Wet Tensile Breaking Strength Test

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ASTM D829 Wet Tensile Breaking Strength Tester for Paper and Paperboard | UnitedTest

UnitedTest manufactures ASTM D829 wet tensile testing machines to measure wet tensile breaking strength of water-saturated paper, paper products and paperboard, ideal for tissue, map paper, photographic paper, paper bag and food wrap quality testing.

ASTM D829 covers standard test methods for determining the wet tensile breaking strength of paper, paper products and paperboard after full water saturation; corrugated board is excluded from this standard. This test targets materials subjected to mechanical stress under wet conditions during production or end-use, including tissue products, map papers, photographic papers, blueprint papers, paper bags and food wrapping papers. UnitedTest supplies calibrated ASTM D829 wet tensile test equipment for pulp and paper laboratories, packaging quality control and material performance verification.

Test Principle

A strip of paper is brought to full saturation with distilled water at 23 ± 2 °C, and then — without drying, and (in Method B) without ever being touched or transferred while wet — is loaded in a constant-rate-of-elongation tensile tester and pulled to break. The maximum force sustained by the water-saturated strip is the wet tensile breaking strength. Because cellulose fibres lose hydrogen bonding when hydrated, the value quantifies how much of the sheet's strength survives water, i.e. the effectiveness of fibre–fibre bonding, refining, and above all wet-strength resins (e.g. PAE/UF/MF-type chemistry).

Specific Test Methods

Two saturation routes exist purely for handling reasons:

	Test Method A — Immersion Wetting	Test Method B — Finch Procedure
Wetting	Strip immersed in a dish of distilled water, then blotted	Specimen looped under a rod; a liquid cup is raised so the rod + loop are submerged in situ
Handling of wet strip	Required (lift, lay flat, blot, clamp)	None — specimen is clamped dry and wetted in place
Typical materials	Photographic, map, blueprint papers, food wraps, some bags — papers retaining a high % of dry strength when wet	Tissue, paper towels, highly absorbent / easily damaged papers
Saturation time	Determined experimentally; may be up to 24 h	Generally 5–40 s
Calculation divisor	n (number of strips)	2 n (each strip forms a loop → two legs loaded simultaneously)

Test equipment required for ASTM D829 Paper & Tissue Wet Tensile Breaking Strength Test

Tensile Testing Machine	Recommend UnitedTest tensile testing machine with a constant Elongation Rate. Speed set to 20 ± 10 mm/min (Part 2) or 100 ± 10 mm/min. Complies fully with ASTM D828 requirements for paper tensile measurement.
Method A only	Glass dish (minimum 300 mm shortest inner dimension, depth ≥ 50 mm) for water immersion. Standard blotting paper: 250 ± 10 g/m² oven‑dry basis weight, thickness 0.495‑0.521 mm; absorption and capillary‑rise performance defined by ASTM D824 and D3285 Klemm test.
Test Method B only	Finch wet‑strength device, two permissible styles: Older‑style fixture: inverted metal stirrup supporting a horizontal rod (rod diameter 5 ± 0.05 mm). A vertically movable liquid cup lifts water to immerse the specimen. Newer‑style stainless‑steel casting fixture: simpler specimen‑loading geometry for faster sample mounting. Rule: The horizontal rod length must equal or exceed test‑specimen width. Longer‑rod variants exist for wider test strips
Specimen cutter	JDC-type double-blade strip cutter or equivalent die meeting ASTM D828.
Optional alignment jig	assists accurate specimen centering in grips.

Test Specimen Information:

Specimen dimension: 25.4 mm (1.00 inch) width, minimum 230 mm (9 inch) length

Cutting direction: Separate specimens are prepared in Machine Direction (MD) and Cross‑Machine Direction (CD).

Quantity: At least 10 valid test specimens per direction for each sample unit. Extra specimens are needed to determine saturation soak time before formal testing.

Key Test Parameters & Stipulations

Method A immersion time	Determined per 11.1.1.1: strips withdrawn at ¼, ½, 1, 2, 4, 8 h… until two successive periods differing by a factor of 2 give strengths within 10 %; the longer period is adopted (max 24 h)
Method B soak time	Screened at 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 s; when two consecutive steps differ by < 10 %, use the longer; if still falling > 10 % after 80 s, switch to Method A
Finch geometry	Rod bottom edge ~76 mm (3 in.) below bottom edge of upper clamp; rod perpendicular to clamp axis, parallel to clamp faces, symmetrically located; immersion depth ≥ 19 mm
Clamping pressure	Only enough to prevent slip — excess pressure causes straight-line breaks at/adjacent to the jaws; too little causes slip or a discontinuity in the load–elongation curve
Timing	After blotting (A) or soak (B), test immediately per ASTM D828
Result	Method A: mean of all values (÷ n). Method B: sum ÷ 2 n

Test Procedure of ASTM D829 Paper & Tissue Wet Tensile Breaking Strength Test

Method A — Immersion

Determine saturation time on MD strips as above (time varies with caliper, basis weight, sizings).
Immerse the required number of strips for that time at 23 ± 2 °C.
Withdraw, lay flat and straight on a pad of blotting paper, cover with a second sheet, press lightly to remove surplus water.
Place in the tensile tester immediately and test per ASTM D828; use minimal clamping pressure.

Method B — Finch

Clamp the Finch device in the lower jaw; set rod ~76 mm below the upper jaw, perpendicular and symmetric.
Lower the cup and fill nearly to the top with distilled water at 23 ± 2 °C.
Wipe the rod and rod supports dry with absorbent tissue.
Old style: thread the specimen under the rod. New style: form a loose U-loop and slip it under the rod.
Bring the two ends together, remove slack, clamp in the upper jaw, centering the specimen on the rod.
Raise the cup to its highest position and soak for the predetermined time.
With the cup still raised, start the tester and record the tensile strength (per D 828).
Repeat until ≥ 10 specimens per sample have been tested.

Industry Fields / Applications

This test applies to paper‑grade materials exposed to mechanical stress under wet conditions in manufacturing conversion or end‑use:

Tissue paper, absorbent paper towels and disposable tissue products
Map paper, photographic paper, blueprint / reprographic paper
Paper bags
Food‑contact wrapping papers
General paperboard (excluding corrugated board) It supports product development, incoming‑material quality inspection, wet‑strength‑agent formulation evaluation, and specification acceptance testing for paper‑product purchasers and paper mill.

Related standard:

ISO 1924-2	Paper and board - Determination of tensile properties - Part 2: Constant rate of elongation method (20 mm/min)
TCVN 1862-2	Paper and board. Determination of tensile properties.Part2:Constant rate of elongation method(20mm/min)
BS 4415-1	Determination of the tensile properties of paper and board.-Constant rate of loading method
ISO 1924-3	Paper and board - Determination of tensile properties - Part 3: Constant rate of elongation method (100 mm/min)
GB/T 22898	Paper and board. Determination of tensile properties. Constant rate of elongation method(100 mm/min)
ISO 12625-4	Tissue paper and tissue products — Part 4: Determination of tensile strength, stretch at maximum force and tensile energy absorption
ASTM D828	Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper and Paperboard Using Constant-Rate-of-Elongation Apparatus
ASTM D829	Wet tensile test for paper and board (saturated with water) – companion to D828 for moisture‑exposed applications.
ISO 3781	"Paper and board — Determination of tensile strength after immersion in water"
ISO 12625-5	"Tissue paper and tissue products — Part 5: Determination of wet tensile strength"
GB/T 465.2	Paper and board - Determination of tensile strength after immersion in water
ANSI/TAPPI T494	Tensile properties of paper and paperboard (using constant rate of elongation apparatus)
AS/NZS 1301.448	Methods of test for pulp and paper - Tensile strength of paper and paperboard (constant rate of elongation method)

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WDW Series Computer Control Electronic Universal Testing Machine made by UNITEDTEST range from 100N to 600KN load capacity with various models like single columns, table type, door frame type etc., is used to perform tension, compression, flexure/bending, shearing, peeling etc., test for metal and nonmetal specimens.

Tensile test fixture for plastics is based on the test standatd ASTM D638, determination of the tensile properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics in the form of standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, speed.

Q1: What is ASTM D829?

ASTM D829 is an ASTM International test method standard titled "Standard Test Methods for Wet Tensile Breaking Strength of Paper and Paper Products." It specifies how to measure the tensile breaking strength of paper, paper products and paperboard (excluding corrugated board) after the specimen has been saturated with water.

Q2: What exactly does the test measure?

It measures the maximum tensile force a water-saturated paper strip can withstand before it breaks, pulled on a constant-rate-of-elongation tensile tester. In plain terms: "how much strength is left in the sheet once it is completely wet." Because water destroys the hydrogen bonds between cellulose fibres, the result reflects what remains — fibre entanglement plus any covalent cross-linking created by wet-strength resins.

Q3: Why is wet tensile strength important for paper and tissue?

Because many papers are used or processed in the wet state. A dry tensile test cannot predict whether a paper towel will fall apart in your hand, whether a shopping bag will burst with wet groceries, or whether a map or blue

print will survive rain. Wet tensile strength is therefore:

the direct performance indicator for tissue, towel, wipe, food wrap, bag, map/blueprint and photographic papers;
the primary read-out used to develop and dose wet-strength resins (e.g. PAE, UF, MF chemistry) and to verify curing;
a convertibility/runnability check for creping, embossing, printing and saturating operations;
a purchasing specification and dispute-resolution metric between buyer and seller.

Q4: What materials are covered by ASTM D829?

Paper, paper products and paperboard — corrugated board is excluded. Typical applications listed by the standard: tissue products, papers for map-making, photographic and blueprint papers, bags, and food wraps.

Q5: What is "Finch wet strength"?

It is a term defined specifically in D829: the tensile strength of a sample tested using Test Method B (the Finch procedure) on a 25.4 mm (1.00 in.) wide strip.

Q6: What are the two test methods in ASTM D829?

Test Method A — Immersion Wetting Procedure. The strip is immersed in a dish of distilled water at 23 ± 2 °C for the time needed to reach saturation (which can be up to 24 h), removed, blotted between blotting papers, then tested immediately in accordance with ASTM D828.
Test Method B — Finch Procedure. The dry specimen is looped under the rod of a Finch wet strength device that is clamped in the lower jaw of the tensile tester; a liquid cup is raised so the rod and the loop are submerged in place. After a short soak (typically 5–40 s), the tester is started with the cup still raised.

Q7: Which method should I use?

Method A for papers that can be handled wet without damage and that retain a high percentage of their dry strength when wet — photographic, map and blueprint papers, food wraps, some bag papers, many paperboards.
Method B for papers that are highly absorbent, easily damaged when wet, or impossible to handle wet — above all tissue and paper towel. Its key advantage: the specimen is never touched after wetting, which removes the biggest source of operator error.

Q8: Why does Method B divide the total force by 2n instead of n?

Because in the Finch device the strip forms a U-shaped loop over the rod, so two legs of the same specimen are loaded simultaneously. The measured breaking force is the sum of the two legs, so the mean per-strip value is obtained by dividing the summed results by twice the number of strips (2n). Method A, where each strip is tested as a single straight strip, divides by n.

Q9: Does ASTM D829 give wet strength "retention" (percentage)?

Not directly. D829 defines wet tensile breaking strength only. Retention (%) is calculated as wet strength ÷ dry strength × 100, where the dry value is obtained with ASTM D828 (or the ISO/GB equivalents). This ratio is the number most mills actually use to qualify wet-strength resin performance.

Q10: Can I wet the strip with a brush, sponge or spray instead of saturating it?

No — not if you want to claim compliance. Annex A1 is explicit: brush/sponge/spray wetting, or testing before full saturation, generally gives higher and less precise results and may not be stated to comply with ASTM D829, because the standard defines wet strength only for a specimen saturated with water by Method A or Method B.

Q11: My towel sample is shorter than 230 mm. Can I still test it?

Yes, as a reported deviation. The distance between the Finch rod and the bottom edge of the upper grip (normally 76 mm / 3 in.) may be reduced to suit the available sample length, and the exact distance used must be reported. Any buyer–seller modification must also be documented.

Q12: What are the most common sources of error in wet tensile testing?

Insufficient or inconsistent saturation; excessive or uneven clamping pressure; delays between blotting and testing (the specimen starts drying); not wiping the Finch rod dry between specimens; wrong divisor (n vs 2n); testing only one direction (MD or CD) when the sheet is anisotropic; and uncontrolled water temperature.

Q13: Which related or equivalent standards reference ASTM D829 testing logic?

ASTM D828: core paper tensile property standard (base for D829 test execution).
ISO 3781: Paper & board — tensile strength after immersion (equivalent to D829 Method A).
ISO 12625‑5: Tissue paper & tissue products — wet tensile strength (Finch‑cup method matching D829 Method B)ISO.
TAPPI T456: industry pulp‑paper wet tensile test following similar Finch‑fixture workflow.

Q14. Why choose ASTM D829 Wet Tensile Breaking Strength Testing Machine & Finch Wet Strength Device from UnitedTest?

UnitedTest manufactures ASTM D829 compliant paper wet tensile test machine and Finch wet‑strength fixture for tissue, paper towel, map paper and food wrap wet tensile breaking strength measurement. Support Method A immersion & Method B Finch‑cup testing.

UnitedTest is a professional manufacturer supplying complete test solutions for ASTM D829 Standard Test Methods for Wet Tensile Breaking Strength of Paper and Paper Products. Our system supports both Test Method A (immersion wetting procedure) and Test Method B (Finch procedure / Finch cup test), widely adopted for pulp‑paper laboratory quality control, new product R&D, and incoming‑material inspection for paper mills, tissue factories, packaging converters and third‑party testing laboratories.

Our ASTM D829 test setup combines a high‑precision constant‑rate‑of‑elongation paper tensile tester plus optional accessories: original‑spec Finch wet‑strength device (new‑style / old‑style fixture variants), JDC‑type specimen cutter, glass immersion dish and standard blotting paper for Method A. The interchangeable Finch wet strength fixture fits our universal tensile machine lower clamp, enables in‑situ water saturation for fragile tissue and absorbent towel samples without damaging wet specimens during manual transfer.

This testing equipment measures fully‑saturated wet tensile breaking strength for tissue products, paper towels, map‑making paper, photographic paper, blueprint paper, paper bags, food wraps and general paperboard (excluding corrugated board). Our machines follow core requirements from ASTM D829 and align with equivalent international standards ISO 3781, ISO 12625‑5 and TAPPI T456.

Key features of UnitedTest ASTM D829 wet tensile test solution:

✅ Support both Method A immersion test and Method B Finch‑cup wet‑strength test

✅ Stainless‑steel corrosion‑resistant Finch wet‑strength device, rod length customizable for different specimen widths

✅ Tensile frame meets ASTM D828 constant elongation‑rate specification for paper tensile measurement

✅ Automatic data calculation for Method‑B special loop‑geometry correction (divide result by two times specimen count)

✅ Built‑in report export: records MD / CD wet tensile strength, soak time and test‑method selection; records all procedural deviations for lab compliance

✅ Optional custom specimen cutters, temperature‑controlled water bath for 23 ± 2 °C soaking condition

✅ OEM & ODM service for laboratory fixture modification according buyer‑seller agreed test variations

Why test wet tensile breaking strength per ASTM D829? Dry paper loses most tensile performance once saturated by water. Reliable wet‑tensile test data evaluates real‑world end‑use performance and validates wet‑strength chemical additive efficiency for your paper products.

If you need quotation for ASTM D829 wet tensile strength tester, Finch wet strength device fixture or complete paper physical property lab setup, contact UnitedTest engineering team for detailed specification and solution recommendation.

We offer customization to meet your specific needs. Our expert team will collaborate with you to develop the perfect product for you