ISO 1924 Tensile Testing Machine for Tensile Properties of Paper and Board

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ISO 1924 Paper and Board Tensile Properties Tester | UnitedTest

UnitedTest manufactures precision ISO 1924 compliant paper tensile testers, delivering standardized tensile performance testing solutions for paper and paperboard quality control in paper mills, converting factories, and material testing laboratories worldwide.

ISO 1924 Paper and board - Determination of tensile properties is the global unified standard for evaluating the mechanical tensile characteristics of paper and paperboard materials. The standard consists of two core testing parts with different constant rate of elongation (CRE) settings to suit diverse industrial testing requirements:ISO 1924 Part 2 (20 mm/min) and ISO 1924 Part 3 (100 mm/min).

By defining standardized laboratory test procedures, ISO 1924 eliminates test result deviations and inconsistent data across different production facilities and testing institutions. It ensures uniform, comparable, and repeatable tensile property data for paper and paperboard, supporting accurate material performance evaluation, batch consistency inspection, and international product certification. Our ISO 1924 tensile test machine fully adheres to dual-speed CRE test specifications to meet comprehensive paper industry testing demands.

Test Principle

A rectangular paper test strip is rigidly clamped at both ends, then stretched uniaxially at a precisely controlled constant elongation speed until rupture. The tensile tester continuously records real-time tensile force (F) and specimen elongation (δ) to generate a force-elongation curve. All target tensile parameters are mathematically calculated from this curve, with standardized formulas provided in each standard part:

Tensile strength: Maximum breaking force per unit specimen width

Strain at break: Percentage elongation at peak tensile force

Tensile energy absorption (TEA): Integrated area under the force-elongation curve (energy consumed to break the paper)

Tensile stiffness (only ISO 1924-3): Maximum linear slope of force-strain curve (paper rigidity under tension)

Derived normalized indexes: Tensile index, TEA index, tensile stiffness index (corrected by paper grammage for cross-grade comparison); Modulus of elasticity (corrected by paper thickness)

ISO 1924 Test of Tensile Properties of Paper and Board (Tensile Tester)

Test methods:

Constant‑Rate‑of‑Elongation (CRE) Method

The testing machine moves one clamp at a predetermined constant speed while the other clamp remains fixed.

Force and elongation are recorded continuously, producing a force‑elongation (F–δ) curve until the specimen breaks.

Variant	Speed	Span	Extra requirement	Index and use
Part 2 (20 mm/min)	20 mm/min	180 mm	Standard accuracy for elongation (0.1 mm)	Measurable tensile indicators: Tensile strength, strain at break, tensile energy absorption (TEA); derived indexes: tensile index, TEA index, modulus of elasticity; Main use: Daily quality control, general paper performance benchmarking (industry default standard)
Part 3 (100 mm/min)	100 mm/min	100 mm	Higher elongation accuracy (0.01 mm in the 0‑1 mm range) for tensile‑stiffness determination	Advantage: Shorter single test cycle, enables higher sample throughput in labs; Key note: Tensile strength results measured by Part 3 are typically 5%–15% higher than Part 2 for identical paper; no universal conversion formula exists—only lab comparison can correlate data.

Variant

Speed

Span

Extra requirement

Index and use

Part 2 (20 mm/min)

20 mm/min

180 mm

Standard accuracy for elongation (0.1 mm)

Measurable tensile indicators: Tensile strength, strain at break, tensile energy absorption (TEA); derived indexes: tensile index, TEA index, modulus of elasticity;

Main use: Daily quality control, general paper performance benchmarking (industry default standard)

Part 3 (100 mm/min)

100 mm/min

100 mm

Higher elongation accuracy (0.01 mm in the 0‑1 mm range) for tensile‑stiffness determination

Advantage: Shorter single test cycle, enables higher sample throughput in labs;

Key note: Tensile strength results measured by Part 3 are typically 5%–15% higher than Part 2 for identical paper; no universal conversion formula exists—only lab comparison can correlate data.

The 100 mm/min method is ≈ 5‑15 % higher tensile‑strength than the 20 mm/min method for many grades, but the exact relationship must be established experimentally.

Test equipment required for ISO 1924 Test of Tensile Properties of Paper and Board:

Universal Testing Machine

Recommend UnitedTest tensile testing machine with a constant Elongation Rate. Speed set to 20 ± 10 mm/min (Part 2) or 100 ± 10 mm/min (Part 3).

Drive system: Maintain elongation speed tolerance ±10 mm/min

Force sensor (load cell): Force reading accuracy ≤1.0% of true force

Elongation recording precision:

Basic tensile strength/strain: 0.1 mm resolution

Tensile stiffness testing: Ultra-high precision of 0.01 mm within 0–1 mm elongation range

Data acquisition: Automatically capture force-elongation curve and calculate curve area for TEA

Tensile Test Grips

Clamping system (critical geometric tolerances):

Two parallel clamping lines, angular deviation ≤1°

Specimen centerline perpendicular to clamps within 1°

Applied tensile force parallel to specimen centerline within 1°

Clamps grip full specimen width without slipping, tearing or surface damage; line-contact or flat clamps are acceptable if slip-free

ISO 1924 Test of Tensile Properties of Paper and Board (Tensile Tester)

Auxiliary Equipment

Precision cutting device: To produce uniform-width test strips with straight parallel edges;

Calibration tools: Aluminium foil strips to verify actual test span distance.

Test Specimen Information:

Nominal width: 15.0 mm ±0.1 mm; alternative widths of 25.0 mm or 50.0 mm are permitted but must be clearly reported in test reports;

Length: Sufficient to fully fit the fixed test span plus extra length for clamping;

Edge requirement: Long edges straight, parallel deviation ≤0.1 mm over full clamping length, clean-cut without nicks or cracks;

Test quantity: Minimum 10 valid specimens per direction (MD/CD).

ISO 1924 Test Procedure of Tensile Properties of Paper and Board:

Pre-calibrate tensile tester: Verify test span distance, elongation speed, load cell accuracy and clamp alignment per equipment manufacturer instructions

Sample conditioning: Place cut test strips in ISO 187 standard atmosphere until moisture equilibrium

Specimen loading: Mount strip into clamps without pre-tension; eliminate slack; avoid touching the central test area with bare fingers

Execute tensile test: Start constant-speed stretching until specimen fractures; record full force-elongation curve

Data screening: Remove invalid data (specimens broken within 2 mm of clamps)

Repeat testing: Complete minimum 10 replicates for Machine Direction, then repeat full process for Cross Direction

Post-test calculation: Compute average values of raw force/elongation data, then calculate tensile strength, strain at break, TEA and all normalized indexes via standard formulas

Compile formal test report with all required mandatory items specified.

Core Test Parameters

Parameter Category	ISO 1924-2	ISO 1924-3
Constant elongation speed	20 mm/min	100 mm/min ±10 mm/min
Fixed test span	180 mm	100 mm ±0.5 mm
Standard specimen width	15 mm	15 mm
Elongation reading precision (stiffness test)	Not required	0.01 mm (0–1 mm range)
Minimum valid replicates per direction	10	10
Measurable tensile properties	Tensile strength, strain at break, TEA, tensile index, TEA index, modulus of elasticity	All Part 2 indicators + tensile stiffness, tensile stiffness index

Applicable Materials

All conventional paper and paperboard grades, including newsprint, sack paper, creped extensible paper, solid board, multiply board, corrugated board base liner/fluting medium, packaging paper, printing & writing paper.

Excluded Materials

Low-density tissue paper and tissue disposable products (governed by ISO 12625-4 instead).

Industry Fields

Pulp & paper manufacturing mills: Raw pulp quality screening, finished paper production quality control

Packaging industry: Carton, sack, corrugated board mechanical performance verification (predict packaging load resistance, drop resistance)

Printing & converting industry: Evaluate paper stretchability during high-speed printing, laminating and die-cutting processes

Lab third-party certification: Standardized tensile test data for cross-border paper trade compliance

R&D of specialty paper: Develop stretchable sack paper, high-rigidity packaging board, low-elongation printing paper

Related standard:

ISO 1924-2	Paper and board - Determination of tensile properties - Part 2: Constant rate of elongation method (20 mm/min)
GB/T 12914	Paper and board—Determination of tensile properties—Constant rate of elongation method(20mm/min)
TCVN 1862-2	Paper and board.Determination of tensile properties.Part2:Constant rate of elongation method(20mm/min)
BS 4415-1	Determination of the tensile properties of paper and board.-Constant rate of loading method
ISO 1924-3	Paper and board - Determination of tensile properties - Part 3: Constant rate of elongation method (100 mm/min)
GB/T 22898	Paper and board.Determination of tensile properties.Constant rate of elongation method(100 mm/min)
ISO 12625-4	Tissue paper and tissue products — Part 4: Determination of tensile strength, stretch at maximum force and tensile energy absorption

Keywords: UnitedTest ISO 1924 tester, ISO 1924 paper tensile properties tester, paper and board tensile strength test machine, CRE paper tensile testing equipment, ISO 1924 part 2 20mm/min paper tensile tester, ISO 1924 part 3 100mm/min board tensile test machine, constant rate of elongation paper mechanical performance testing, standardized paper mill tensile property analysis equipment

WDW Series Computer Control Electronic Universal Testing Machine made by UNITEDTEST range from 100N to 600KN load capacity with various models like single columns, table type, door frame type etc., is used to perform tension, compression, flexure/bending, shearing, peeling etc., test for metal and nonmetal specimens.

Tensile test fixture for plastics is based on the test standatd ASTM D638, determination of the tensile properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics in the form of standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, speed.

Q1: What is ISO 1924, and what are its active parts?

A: ISO 1924 is the core international standard for measuring tensile mechanical properties of paper and paperboard, developed by ISO/TC 6/SC 2. It originally had 3 parts:

ISO 1924-1: Constant rate of loading method (withdrawn in 2004, obsolete)

ISO 1924-2:2008 – 20 mm/min constant elongation rate, 180 mm test span (routine universal test)

ISO 1924-3:2005 – 100 mm/min fast elongation rate, 100 mm test span (adds tensile stiffness testing)

All versions adopt Constant Rate of Elongation (CRE) tensile testing principle.

Q2: Why is ISO 1924 tensile test critical for paper & board materials?

A: 4 core reasons:

It quantifies real-world mechanical performance: tensile strength reflects load-bearing capacity; strain at break shows stretchability; tensile stiffness represents rigidity; TEA indicates overall toughness against tearing during transport, printing, or packaging use.

Normalized indexes (tensile index, stiffness index) eliminate grammage interference, enabling fair comparison between lightweight thin paper and heavy solid board.

Uniform global testing rules eliminate cross-lab/cross-country data discrepancies, supporting international paper trade and customer quality acceptance.

Test data guides pulp blending, beating, drying, and coating process adjustments for mills to tailor paper grades for target end applications (sacks, cartons, printing paper).

Standardized precision rules guarantee repeatable, reproducible lab results for quality control and failure analysis.

Q3: What is the difference between ISO 1924-2 and ISO 1924-3? Can I convert test results between them?

A: Key differences:

Item	ISO 1924-2:2008	ISO 1924-3:2005
Elongation speed	20 mm/min	100 mm/min ±10 mm/min
Test span	180 mm	100 mm ±0.5 mm
Extra measurable property	No tensile stiffness	Tensile stiffness + stiffness index
Elongation precision requirement	Basic 0.1 mm	Ultra-high 0.01 mm (0–1 mm range for stiffness)
Lab throughput	Slow, low sample volume	Fast, high-volume testing

Q4: Which materials are covered by ISO 1924, and which are excluded?

A: Applicable: All regular paper/board, newsprint, sack paper, creped extensible paper, solid board, multiply carton board, corrugated liner/fluting medium.

Excluded: Low-density tissue paper and tissue disposable products – these follow ISO 12625-4 instead.

Q5: What are the standard dimensions of test strips per ISO 1924?

A: Nominal width: 15.0 mm ±0.1 mm; alternative widths of 25.0 mm or 50.0 mm are allowed but must be clearly stated in test reports. Length must be enough to cover the fixed test span plus extra length for clamping. Strip edges must be straight and parallel within ±0.1 mm, free of nicks, folds, wrinkles or watermarks.

Q6: Why do we need separate tests for Machine Direction (MD) and Cross Direction (CD)?

A: Paper is anisotropic (fibers align along the machine direction during manufacturing). MD paper has higher tensile strength and stiffness, while CD paper has higher stretch at break. Testing both directions reflects full mechanical performance for end-use scenarios (e.g., sack bags loaded vertically, cartons folded horizontally).

Q7: How many test replicates are required per direction? What if specimens break near clamps?

A: Minimum 10 valid test pieces for MD and CD separately. Discard data for any specimen breaking within 2 mm of clamping lines. If over 20% of strips fail near clamps, inspect clamp alignment, grip surfaces and clamping pressure for equipment defects before retesting.

Q8: How to confirm if specimen slippage occurs inside clamps during testing?

A: Conduct tests with different clamping pressures. If strain-at-break values change with clamp force, slippage exists; adjust grip surface material or clamping pressure to eliminate slip. If strain at break stays consistent across clamp force settings, no slippage occurs.

Q9: What is the difference between tensile strength and tensile index? When do we use each?

A: Tensile strength (kN/m): Raw maximum breaking force per specimen width; used for single batch quality control of fixed grammage paper.

Tensile index (kN·m/kg): Tensile strength divided by paper grammage, normalized to eliminate weight differences. Used for cross-grade comparison between light and heavy paper/board in R&D and material benchmarking.

Q10: What is tensile stiffness, and why only ISO 1924-3 measures it?

A: Tensile stiffness is the maximum linear slope of the force-strain curve, representing paper rigidity under tension. It demands ultra-precise elongation recording (0.01 mm resolution) which ISO 1924-2 does not specify. Fast 100 mm/min testing in Part 3 also shortens testing cycles for high-volume stiffness screening of rigid packaging board.

Q11. Why do my test results get rejected if the specimen breaks near the clamps?

A: According to Clause 8 of ISO 1924-3, you must reject any break occurring within 2 mm of the clamping line. This is because the clamps create a "stress concentration" zone. If the break happens there, it indicates the failure was caused by the clamping mechanism (or slippage/damage from the clamp) rather than the inherent strength of the material itself. If more than 20% of your breaks occur here, you must inspect your equipment for misalignment or excessive clamping pressure.

Q12. What is "Tensile Energy Absorption" (TEA) and why does it matter?

A: TEA represents the area under the force-elongation curve. Unlike simple "strength," TEA tells you how "tough" the paper is.

Example: A paper bag made with high TEA paper can withstand a sudden impact (like being dropped) without bursting, even if it isn't necessarily the "strongest" paper on the market. It is vital for packaging that experiences dynamic stress.

Q13. Does the speed of the test really affect the results?

A: Yes. The standard explicitly warns that results depend on the rate of elongation. Generally, a higher speed (like the 100 mm/min in Part 3) yields higher tensile strength values than a slower speed (20 mm/min in Part 2). This is known as the "strain-rate sensitivity" of cellulose fibers. Therefore, you should never compare a result from Part 2 directly with a result from Part 3 without performing a correlation study.

Q14. Why is the test span different (180mm vs 100mm) in the two parts?

A: The 100 mm span in Part 3 was chosen to reduce the total test time, allowing for higher throughput in laboratories. However, a shorter span makes the measurement of small elongations (needed for stiffness) more precise relative to the total length. Conversely, the 180 mm span in Part 2 is a legacy of older equipment and provides a longer gauge length which some traditional mills prefer for consistency with historical data.

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