ASTM D635 Plastic Horizontal Burning Test | UnitedTest Horizontal Vertical Flammability Tester

Information on the most widely used ASTM standards within the materials testing industry

Descriptions of the most prominent lSO standards within the materials testing industry

Standards including EN, DIN, JlS, and more

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Material strength is a course that most engineering fields are required to study in university education. This interesting course is very practical and makes use of testing equipment in the materials laboratory.

Mechanical testing of industrial products and components is essential to ensure their load-bearing, fatigue resistance, and impact resistance, directly preventing production accidents and ensuring stable operation of equipment. UnitedTest can cover a full range of tests including tensile, hardness, and fatigue, complying with national and international standards, and provides customized industrial mechanical testing solutions.

Mechanical testing in the plastic pipe industry determines ring stiffness, impact resistance, and tensile performance, directly preventing pipe bursts and deformation risks. UnitedTest can cover full-dimensional mechanical testing of pipes, complies with ISO,ASTM,EN et.c, international standards, and provides customized testing solutions.

In the construction engineering and building materials industry, mechanical testing determines the compressive and tensile properties of materials such as concrete and steel, which is core to ensuring the safety and durability of buildings. UnitedTest can cover the full range of building material mechanical tests, complies with ISO, ASTM international standards, and provides customized testing solutions for compressive, tensile, and other properties.

Mechanical testing in the food and beverage industry involves the compressive and tensile performance of packaging and the safety of food texture, directly ensuring storage, transportation safety, and the eating experience. UnitedTest can cover all-dimensional mechanical testing for packaging and food texture, comply with national and international standards, and provide customized testing solutions.

Mechanical testing in the packaging industry determines the packaging's resistance to compression, impact, and tension, directly ensuring the safety of contents during storage and transportation. UnitedTest can cover comprehensive mechanical testing for packaging, complying with ISO, ASTM Standards, and provides customized testing solutions for compression, drop, tear, and more.

Mechanical testing in the transportation industry concerns the load-bearing and fatigue resistance performance of core components such as vehicles, tracks, and containers, directly ensuring transport safety and equipment durability. UnitedTest can cover mechanical testing for all types of transportation materials, complying with national and international standards, and provides customized testing solutions including tensile, fatigue, and impact tests.

Metallurgical testing examines the properties of metallic materials to determine if a particular metal is appropriate for its intended use.

Testing of polymer materials covers mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties, verifying strength, heat resistance, composition, and ensuring product quality and compliance.

UnitedTest offer world-class testing solution in testing for polymeric materials, including elastomers, thermoplastics, composites, coatings, and structural adhesives in a variety of industries.

Testing of rubber and elastomers is used to assess the various properties and performance of materials under different conditions. This is crucial for ensuring the safety, functionality, and quality of rubber and elastomer products used in industries such as automotive, construction, consumer goods, and aerospace.

Conduct adhesive testing using various testing methods to determine their performance and characteristics in applications across multiple industries such as aerospace, automotive, construction, packaging, industrial, medical, and energy, thereby supporting application development and quality assurance.

UnitedTest supply machine and testing solution for tension, compression, fracture toughness, direct shear, triaxial and ultrasonic velocity are common concrete and rock testing applications.

UnitedTest has helped a number of companies involved in the wood, paper, cardboard, and corrugated industry with their testing needs. Our materials testing systems are capable of testing raw materials, components, and finished products.

UnitedTest testing system is trusted by leading medical device manufacturers, universities, and medical research laboratories worldwide. Whether testing tissues or bioresorbable materials, stents, or sutures, UnitedTest offers a variety of single-actuator and dual-actuator systems to meet your biomedical testing needs.

Mechanical testing in the textile fabric industry determines core properties such as fabric tensile strength, tear resistance, and wear resistance, directly affecting product durability and safety. UnitedTest can cover comprehensive mechanical tests for textiles, complying with national standards / ISO standards, and provides customized testing solutions including tensile, tear, and puncture tests.

The mechanical testing of industrial components directly determines the load-bearing, fatigue resistance, and wear resistance of the parts, helping to avoid equipment failure risks. UnitedTest can cover a full range of tests including tensile, hardness, and fatigue, is compatible with ISO/ASTM/GB standards, and provides customized mechanical testing solutions for industrial components.

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Tensile test evaluates material resistance to stretching, measuring strength/elongation critical for quality control. UnitedTest offers universal tensile testers (10-600KN) compliant with ASTM/ISO standards, providing tailored solutions for metals, polymers, medical & industrial materials.

Compression test assesses material resistance to compressive loads, measuring strength/deformation critical for quality validation. UnitedTest offers compression testing machines compliant with ASTM/ISO standards, providing tailored solutions for concrete, plastics, metals and industrial components.

Flexural & Bend tests evaluate material resistance to bending forces, measuring strength, stiffness and ductility for quality assurance. UnitedTest provides flexural testing machines (3-point/4-point bend) compliant with ASTM/ISO standards, offering tailored solutions for composites, plastics, metals and construction materials.

Torsion Test evaluates material resistance to rotational forces, measuring torsional strength/ductility critical for fasteners, insulators, shafts. UnitedTest offers torsion testers compliant with ASTM A938/ISO 16047, providing tailored solutions for automotive, aerospace, fastener industries.

Fatigue Test assesses material durability under cyclic loading, critical for predicting service life of industrial components. UnitedTest offers fatigue testing systems (axial/bending/torsion) compliant with ASTM E466/ISO 12106, providing tailored solutions for automotive, aerospace and manufacturing sectors.

Peel Test measures material adhesion strength by evaluating resistance to peeling forces, critical for adhesives, films, packaging. UnitedTest offers peel testers compliant with ASTM D903/ISO 8510, covering 90°/180° peel tests, and tailored solutions for packaging, automotive, textile industries.

Impact Test evaluates material resistance to sudden shock loads, critical for assessing toughness and fracture risk. UnitedTest offers impact testers (Charpy/Izod/fall weight) compliant with ASTM E23/ISO 148, providing tailored solutions for metals, plastics, glass and industrial components.

Tear & Shear Test evaluates material resistance to tearing and shearing forces, measuring critical strength parameters for quality control. Tear tests (Elmendorf/trouser/trapezoidal) assess resistance to crack propagation in films/fabrics, while shear tests measure resistance to parallel forces in joints/bolts. UnitedTest provides universal testing machines (10KN-600KN) with specialized fixtures for both tests, compliant with ASTM D624/D3164 and ISO standards, serving automotive, packaging and construction industries.

Hardness test measures material's resistance to permanent indentation, critical for quality control. UnitedTest offers universal hardness testers (Rockwell/Brinell/Vickers) compliant with ASTM/ISO standards, plus tailored hardness testing solutions for diverse industrial needs.

Biaxial/triaxial tests evaluate material performance under multi-axis loads, critical for biomaterials, metals and composites. UnitedTest provides compliant testing machines (ASTM/ISO) for planar biaxial, static/fatigue triaxial tests, with tailored solutions for industrial & biomedical needs.

Friction and wear tests assess material resistance to friction, abrasion and wear, critical for industrial material performance validation. UnitedTest offers tribometers compliant with ASTM G99/ISO standards, covering pin-on-disk, four-ball tests, and tailored friction & wear testing solutions for diverse industries.

Pressure test evaluates material/component resistance to static/dynamic pressure, critical for sealing, strength and safety validation. UnitedTest offers pressure testing machines compliant with ASTM/ISO standards, covering burst, hold-pressure tests, and tailored solutions for industrial, automotive & medical sectors.

Fire test assesses material flammability, heat resistance and fire-retardant performance, critical for safety compliance across industries. UnitedTest offers fire testing equipment compliant with ASTM/ISO/UL standards, providing tailored fire test solutions for building materials, plastics and industrial components.

Non-destructive Test (NDT) evaluates material/component integrity without damage, critical for safety & quality across industries. UnitedTest offers ultrasonic/X-ray/magnetic particle NDT equipment compliant with ASTM/ISO standards, plus tailored NDT solutions for aerospace, automotive & manufacturing sectors.

ASTM D635 Horizontal Burning Tester | Plastic Burning Rate & Flame Time | UnitedTest

ASTM D635 standard defines horizontal burning testing for plastic bar specimens to measure linear burning rate, burning extent and flame duration. UnitedTest manufactures fully compliant ASTM D635 plastic flammability screening test machines for laboratory material evaluation.

ASTM D635 is a widely adopted small-scale laboratory fire screening test method designed to evaluate and compare the relative flammability performance of various plastic materials under controlled horizontal burning conditions. This standard applies to molded plastic bars and bar specimens cut from plastic sheets, plates and panels, focusing on measuring core combustion parameters including linear burning rate, total burning extent and complete burning time.

Classified as a fire-test-response procedure, ASTM D635 accurately records plastic material flame spread behavior and thermal reaction under standardized small-flame ignition environments. It serves as a fundamental material flammability screening benchmark for polymer formulation research, incoming raw material inspection, and industrial product quality control. Importantly, ASTM D635 test data only describes material flame response under lab conditions and does not independently support full fire hazard or fire risk assessment for end products.

Commonly used in plastics manufacturing, electrical appliance production, automotive component processing and building material certification, ASTM D635 provides consistent and repeatable flammability comparison data for different plastic grades. UnitedTest designs and manufactures high-precision ASTM D635 horizontal burning test machines, fully complying with standard test protocols to deliver reliable flame response testing for all types of rigid and semi-rigid plastic specimens.

Test principle

A bar‑shaped plastic specimen is clamped horizontally. Its free end is exposed to a standardized 50‑W gas flame for 30 seconds. After flame removal, record burning time and burned distance between two pre‑marked reference lines (25 mm and 100 mm from the ignition end). If the flame front travels from the 25 mm mark to the 100 mm mark, calculate the average linear burning rate. If combustion stops before reaching the 100 mm mark, record burned extent and burning time directly. Test outcomes are used for material comparison and optional HB classification.

ASTM D635 Plastic Horizontal Burning Test

Test Specimen Information

Form	Bars cut from representative sheet/end product, or cast / injection‑, compression‑, transfer‑ or pultrusion‑molded. Dust removed after cutting; cut edges fine‑sanded smooth.
Length	125 ± 5 mm
Width	13.0 ± 0.5 mm (maximum width shall not exceed 13.5 mm)
Thickness	Provided at the minimum thickness and at 3.0 (−0.0 +0.2) mm. The 3.0 mm set is not required if minimum thickness > 3.0 mm or maximum thickness < 3.0 mm. Maximum thickness ≤ 13 mm.
Edges / corners	Smooth edges; corner radius ≤ 1.3 mm
Quantity	At least 10 bar specimens per material and thickness
Marking	Two lines perpendicular to the longitudinal axis at 25 ± 1 mm and 100 ± 1 mm from the end to be ignited
Representativeness	Test minimum and maximum densities, melt flows and filler/reinforcement levels; if classifications differ, test intermediate levels. For colour: uncoloured, highest organic pigment loading, highest inorganic pigment loading, plus any pigment known to adversely affect flammability.

Test equipment required for ASTM D635 Plastic Horizontal Burning Test

Recommend UntiedTest UL94 Horizontal & Vertical Flame Tester, consist of below:

Test chamber / enclosed laboratory hood	Minimum internal volume 0.5 m³, free of forced‑induced drafts during testing; equipped with exhaust fan for post‑test fume removal; ambient condition: 15‑35 °C, relative humidity ≤75 %
Laboratory burner	Complies with ASTM D5025; adjustable to produce a 20 ± 2 mm blue flame without yellow tip, calibrated following ASTM D5207
Test fixture & ring stand	Holds specimen horizontally, transverse axis tilted at 45 ± 2°; holds wire gauze 10 ± 1 mm beneath specimen lowest edge
Timing device	Accuracy ±0.5 second; metric scale in millimeters; micrometer accurate to 0.05 mm for thickness measurement
Flexible specimen support fixture	For thin/sagging specimens that cannot maintain required clearance above wire gauze during burning
Gas supply	Technical‑grade methane (referee gas for dispute resolution); natural gas (≈37 MJ/m³ energy density) is permitted for routine testing

Key Test Parameters

Specimen mounting: Longitudinal axis horizontal, transverse axis inclined 45 ± 2°; wire gauze clearance 10 ± 1 mm below specimen.
Burner flame height: 20 ± 2 mm blue flame (yellow tip fully eliminated); burner pre‑equilibrated ≥5 min before test starts.
Flame application duration: 30 ± 1 s; flame impinges approximately 6 mm deep onto specimen free end; burner tube axis inclined 45 ± 2° relative to horizontal plane.
Reference marks: 25 ± 1 mm and 100 ± 1 mm measured from the ignited end of specimen. The burning span between marks equals 75 mm when flame passes both marks.
Calculation formula for linear burning rate: V = 60L/t
Where:
V: linear burning rate (mm/min)
L: burned length =75 mm when flame reaches 100 mm mark
t: time (seconds) for flame front travelling from 25 mm to 100 mm mark.

Test procedure of ASTM D635 Plastic Horizontal Burning TesT

Measure and record specimen thickness with micrometer. Draw two perpendicular reference lines at 25 ± 1 mm and 100 ± 1 mm from ignition end of each specimen.
Perform test inside draft‑free hood/chamber; exhaust fan shall be off during flame exposure and switched on immediately after test to vent toxic combustion products.
Clamp specimen at its end far from the 25 mm mark. Position wire gauze horizontally 10 ± 1 mm below specimen. If specimen sags and loses clearance, deploy flexible specimen support fixture and retract it as flame propagates so it will not interfere with burning reaction.
Ignite burner away from specimen, adjust gas and air ports to achieve stable 20 ± 2 mm blue flame, wait minimum 5 minutes for burner thermal equilibrium.
Move burner so flame strikes the specimen free end (≈6 mm penetration). Start timer simultaneously. Maintain flame position for 30 ± 1 seconds. If specimen shrinks away without igniting, this test method is not applicable to this material. Withdraw burner (150 mm away is recommended) either after 30 seconds OR once flame front arrives at the 25 mm mark (if earlier than 30 s). Restart timer as flame front crosses the 25 mm reference mark.
Record elapsed burning time and burned length:

If flame front reaches the 100 mm mark: burned length L =75 mm, record travel time t. Compute linear burning rate for this specimen.
If flame front passes 25 mm mark but stops before 100 mm mark: record elapsed time t and actual burned length L.
If flame does not pass 25 mm mark: record observation only, no time or length calculation for burning rate.

Repeat testing: run specimens until three samples burn to or past 100 mm mark OR total of ten specimens have been tested. If only one specimen fails HB criteria in first set, test a second full set; all specimens in second set must comply for HB classification.

Industry Application Fields

Electrical & electronic appliances: Preliminary flammability screening for plastic housings and internal component materials, supporting quality assurance and material pre‑selection.
Building & construction: Referenced in IBC (International Building Code 2024) for light‑transmitting plastics and outdoor plastic sign materials, to evaluate combustibility classification CC1/CC2 for glazing‑type plastic sheets.
Plastics manufacturing & compounding: Compare different formulations, assess effects of flame‑retardant additives, monitor batch‑to‑batch consistency of burning properties in production quality control.
Automotive & consumer goods: Benchmark horizontal burning performance for non‑critical interior plastic parts as laboratory screening data.

Related Test Standard:

IEC 60695‑11‑10	50 W horizontal & vertical flame test methods
UL 94	Widely‑used North‑American standard for plastic flammability (HB horizontal burn; V‑0/V‑1/V‑2 vertical burn). Its test setup and evaluation criteria are highly analogous to ISO 1210 / IEC 60695‑11‑10.
ASTM D635	US horizontal‑burning rate test for plastics (similar to ISO 1210 Method A).
ISO 1210	Plastics; determination of the burning behaviour of horizontal and vertical specimens in contact with a small-flame ignition source
IEC 60695‑11‑20	500 W flame (5V classifications), the "bigger flame" counterpart.
ISO 9773	vertical burning of thin flexible films/sheets (for materials that shrink away, which ISO 1210 cannot handle).
ISO 9772	cellular plastics, horizontal small‑flame burning.
ASTM D3801	vertical, 20 mm flame
ASTM D4804	thin flexible
GB/T 2408 (China), AS/NZS 60695.11.10, JIS C 60695‑11‑10, UNE‑EN 60695‑11‑10 — national adoptions of IEC 60695‑11‑10.

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UL94 horizontal vertical flame tester, standard UL94 flammability test chamber for plastic, rubber, foam, electronic material fire resistance test, supports HB/V0/V1/V2/5VA/5VB/VTM/HBF test grades, PLC touch screen automatic timing, 50W & 500W dual burner, 1-year full warranty, factory direct export

Oxygen Index Apparatus/LOI tester (Limitation Oxygen Index tester) is widely used to measure burning performance of plastics, rubber, fiber, foam,,film etc., The technique measures the minimum percentage of oxygen in the test atmosphere that is required to marginally support combustion.

Q1: What is ASTM D635 test, and why is it important for plastic materials?

A: ASTM D635‑22 is a small‑scale horizontal burning test method for plastics, measuring linear burning rate, burned extent and burning time of bar‑shaped specimens. It is critical for:

Quick comparative screening of polymer formulations, filler and pigment influences on flammability during R&D;
Production quality control to monitor batch‑to‑batch burning‑performance consistency;
Material pre‑selection for appliance, electronic, construction components (HB classification);
Reference data for building codes like IBC 2024 for light‑transmitting plastics and outdoor plastic signs.Important note: It is only laboratory‑scale screening, cannot replace full‑product fire‑hazard assessment.

Q2: What is HB classification in ASTM D635? What are pass criteria?

A: HB = Horizontal Burning (optional classification from Appendix X1). Material achieves HB rating if any below applies: ‑ No visible combustion after removing flame source; ‑ Flame front never passes the 25 mm reference mark; ‑ Flame stops between 25 mm and 100 mm mark (self‑extinguishes); ‑ Flame reaches 100 mm mark with burning rate ≤ 40 mm/min (3‑13 mm thickness) OR ≤ 75 mm/min (thickness < 3 mm). If one specimen fails on first 10‑piece set, a second full set shall be tested, all second‑set specimens must meet criteria for HB approval.

Q3: What specimen dimensions are required for ASTM D635‑22?

A: Specimen bar size: 125 ±5 mm long ×13.0 ±0.5 mm wide. Test at material minimum thickness and mandatory 3.0 mm (+0.2/‑0.0 mm) thickness (skip 3 mm if material min‑thickness >3 mm or max‑thickness <3 mm). Max allowed thickness ≤13 mm, max width ≤13.5 mm. Edges must be smooth; corner radius ≤1.3 mm. Cut edges shall be fine‑sanded, free from dust and burrs.

Q4: How many specimens are needed for a complete ASTM D635 test?

A: Prepare minimum 10 specimens per material‑thickness group. Stop testing once 3 specimens burn to / past the 100 mm mark, OR finish all 10 specimens total. For HB classification failure of one single sample, run a second complete specimen set for re‑evaluation.

Q5. Which gas and flame do I use?

A: Technical-grade methane with regulator and meter for uniform flow. Natural gas with an energy density of ~37 MJ/m³ gives similar results, but technical-grade methane is the referee gas in case of dispute. Flame height confirmation follows ASTM D5207 (20 mm / 50 W and 125 mm / 500 W flames).

Q6: What is the difference between ASTM D635 and UL 94 HB? Are they interchangeable?

A: They share identical flame source, specimen geometry and HB threshold values.

‑ ASTM D635: standalone ASTM standard, includes full calculation for burning rate, flexible‑sag‑specimen fixture and IBC building‑code references.

‑ UL 94 HB: horizontal section inside UL 94 document, mostly used for electronics safety certification.Test machine hardware can support both. But certification bodies may require explicit report according to target standard text, so reports cannot simply cross‑cite without checking customer requirements.

Q7: Which standard is technically equivalent to ASTM D635 for global markets?

A: IEC 60695‑11‑10 Method A is technically equivalent, widely used in EU, Asia electrical‑product compliance. If material self‑extinguishes before 25 mm mark in horizontal test, run vertical flammability test ASTM D3801 for further characterization.

Q8: Why do my repeated D635 tests get inconsistent / scattered results?

A: Main root causes:

Specimen‑thickness variation: burning rate strongly depends on thickness; compare only identical‑thickness samples.
Material anisotropy, pigment/filler/reinforcement differences (must test min/max loading grades).
Stretched sheet specimens: residual internal stress causes relaxation while burning, produce erratic reading; pre‑heat above deflection temperature (ASTM D648) to fully relax material before cutting specimens.
Draft / air flow inside test chamber: forced‑draft invalidates test. Exhaust fan must stay OFF during flame application.
Burner flame not calibrated (must achieve stable 20 ± 2 mm blue flame without yellow tip, wait ≥5 min thermal stabilization).
Dripping / sagging thin samples without flexible specimen support fixture.

Q9: When should I use the flexible specimen support fixture in ASTM D635?

A: Apply this fixture for thin, soft or flexible specimens that sag and cannot keep required 10 ± 1 mm clearance above wire gauze in original mounting. Operators need to retract fixture as flame propagates to avoid fixture touching flame front and interfering with burning behaviour.

Q10. What if the specimen stops burning before the 100 mm mark?

A: Report the extent of burning (mm) and time of burning (s) — no rate. Importantly, the standard states there is no numerical precision and bias statement for these time/extent results, so the method shall not be used as a referee test for those two characteristics.

Q11: Why choose ASTM D635‑22 Horizontal Burning Test Machine, UL94 HB Flammability Tester from UnitedTest?

A: UnitedTest is professional manufacturer for ASTM D635‑22 Horizontal Burning Test Machine. Complies with ASTM D635, UL94 HB, IEC 60695‑11‑10 for plastic flammability test. Complete fixture package, calibration support, global after‑sales service for QC lab & R&D.

UnitedTest designs and manufactures high‑precision ASTM D635‑22 horizontal burning test machine, dedicated for plastic flammability screening, material R&D, incoming‑material quality control and third‑party laboratory compliance testing.

Our testing equipment fully meets requirements of ASTM D635‑22 standard, supporting HB classification test for polymer bars, sheets and molded plastic specimens. This machine also covers equivalent standards: UL94 HB horizontal burning test, IEC 60695‑11‑10 Method A, so one unit satisfies multiple global flammability‑test requirements for plastic materials used in electronics, household appliances, automotive parts and construction plastics.

Core machine features from UnitedTest:

‑ Complete enclosed test chamber with ≥0.5 m³ inner volume, eliminating external air‑draft interference during flame test;

‑ Standard D5025‑compliant laboratory burner; adjustable flame height 20 ± 2 mm, with pre‑burn equilibrium waiting timer;

‑ Full set accessories: specimen clamping fixture, 20‑mesh iron wire gauze, flexible specimen support fixture for sagging thin samples;

‑ High‑accuracy timing module (0.5 s resolution), metric scale and specimen marking aids;

‑ Integrated safety design: fume‑exhaust interface, drip‑collecting water‑pan position, anti‑flame‑spill protection;

‑ Supports specimen pre‑test marking, easy observation window for recording burn‑front travel distance and time;

‑ User‑friendly operation panel, export test records for generating ASTM‑compliant lab reports.

For plastic compounders, appliance manufacturers, building‑material factories and accredited testing labs, UnitedTest ASTM D635 flammability tester delivers repeatable burning‑rate data, to evaluate material HB performance, compare flame‑retardant formulation effect, monitor batch‑variation risk of raw plastic materials.

UnitedTest provides full‑package service including equipment installation guidance, operation training, calibration suggestion, spare‑parts supply and global after‑sales support. Contact UnitedTest for quotation of ASTM D635 horizontal burning test machine for your laboratory.

We offer customization to meet your specific needs. Our expert team will collaborate with you to develop the perfect product for you