ASTM D828 Paper and Paperboard Tensile Strength Test

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ASTM D828 Paper & Paperboard Tensile Properties CRE Tester | UnitedTest

ASTM D828 standard test method measures tensile strength, stretch, TEA, stiffness and tensile index for paper and paperboard using CRE tensile apparatus. UnitedTest provides fully ASTM D828 compliant paper tensile testing machines for lab and factory QC.

ASTM D828 is the leading industrial standard test method for evaluating the full range of tensile properties of paper and paperboard using a constant-rate-of-elongation (CRE) tensile testing apparatus. This widely adopted standard defines complete testing procedures to obtain accurate, repeatable mechanical performance data for nearly all paper grades, paperboard substrates, and converted paper products within standard equipment measurement ranges. Notably, ASTM D828 excludes combined corrugated board from its testing scope to ensure precise material-specific tensile evaluation.

The ASTM D828 test method offers flexible instrument compatibility, supporting both vertical and horizontal tensile test machines as well as manually operated and computer-controlled testing systems. It enables laboratories and manufacturers to measure critical tensile parameters including tensile strength, elongation stretch, tensile energy absorption (TEA), tensile stiffness, breaking length, and tensile index. These core metrics are essential for pulp formulation optimization, paper production quality control, material performance comparison, and finished paper product specification validation across printing, packaging, and industrial paper industries.

UnitedTest manufactures high-precision CRE tensile testing machines fully compliant with ASTM D828 requirements. Our professional paper and paperboard tensile test equipment delivers stable, consistent tensile property readings, supporting daily production quality inspection, material research and development, and third-party industrial material certification for global paper manufacturing enterprises.

Test Principle

A conditioned paper specimen of defined geometry is clamped between two grips and stretched at a constant grip‑separation speed until rupture. The testing machine continuously records load‑versus‑elongation curves. Target test rupture time is 10‑30 seconds. Tensile‑related parameters are calculated from raw force‑elongation data; tensile energy absorption is obtained by integrating the area under the load‑elongation curve. The test is performed under controlled humidity‑temperature environment following ASTM D685 conditioning requirements.

ASTM D828 Paper and Paperboard Tensile Strength Test

Specific Test Methods

Property	Description	How Obtained
Tensile strength	Force per unit width at rupture.	Peak force from the force–elongation curve ÷ specimen width.
Stretch (elongation at rupture)	Elongation at break expressed as % of the initial test span.	From the elongation value at peak force.
Tensile energy absorption (TEA)	Energy absorbed per unit area up to rupture.	Area under the force–elongation curve, calculated as `TEA = 1×10⁶·A′/(L·W)` (J/m²) where A′ is the area in kgf·cm, L is span (mm), W is width (mm).
Tensile stiffness	Average slope of the elastic region of the curve.	Calculated between 5% and 75% of the elastic limit, using at least 20% of the elastic region data.
Breaking length	Hypothetical length of a paper strip that would break under its own weight.	`BL = 102 000 × (T/R)` (m), where T is tensile strength (kN/m) and R is grammage (g/m²).
Tensile index	Tensile strength normalized by grammage.	`TI = 1000 × (T/R)` (N·m/g).

Test equipment required for ASTM D828 Paper and Paperboard Tensile Strength Test

Tensile Testing Machine	Recommend UnitedTest tensile testing machine with a constant Elongation Rate. Speed set to 20 ± 10 mm/min (Part 2) or 100 ± 10 mm/min (Part 3). Equipped with line‑contact grips (cylinder‑to‑flat or cylinder‑to‑cylinder contact surfaces), adjustable clamping pressure. Grips shall stay in one plane and keep good alignment; grip misalignment will produce invalid test data. Load‑measurement accuracy: ±0.5 % of full‑scale value; reading resolution 0.25 % full‑range. Elongation‑measurement accuracy: ±0.05 % stretch (±0.09 mm for 180 mm test span). Constant grip separation speed, resettable within ±4 % of set value.
Integrator / planimeter	for calculating area under force‑elongation curve for TEA calculation; modern testers use embedded software algorithms.
Specimen cutter	double‑blade strip cutter or qualified cutting die. Produces specimen width tolerance ≤ ±0.5 mm, parallel edges within 0.1 mm. Single‑blade household paper cutters are not permitted
Optional alignment jig	assists accurate specimen centering in grips.

Test Specimen Information:

Width	25.4 mm ± 0.5 mm (1.00 in ± 0.02 in). A 15.0 mm width is allowed for certain ISO-aligned grades, but any deviation must be reported.
Length	≈ 254 mm (10.0 in) – long enough to span the 180 mm grip separation with sufficient material for clamping.
Initial grip separation (span)	180 mm ± 5 mm (7.1 in ± 0.2 in). Reduced spans of 100 mm or 50 mm are permitted for short samples, with proportional speed reduction.
Number of specimens	10 in the machine direction and 10 in the cross direction (20 total per test unit).
Quality	Free from creases, holes, wrinkles, or other non‑typical defects.
Ply	Tested as received unless otherwise agreed.

Key Test Parameters & Stipulations

Grip separation speed	25.4 mm/min ± 5.0 mm/min (1.0 in/min ± 0.2 in/min). Target rupture time 10–30 s.
Initial grip separation	180 mm ± 5 mm (7.1 in ± 0.2 in).
Specimen width	25.4 mm ± 0.5 mm.
Load accuracy	±0.25 % of full‑scale reading.
Elongation accuracy	±0.05 % stretch (≈ ±0.09 mm for 180 mm span).
Span setting accuracy	±0.5 mm.
Number of valid specimens	10 per principal direction.
Invalid break criteria	Specimen slipping in jaws, breaking within the clamping zone, or breaking within 5 mm of the clamp line due to misalignment → result rejected. If > 20 % of specimens for a sample are rejected, all data for that sample are discarded and the machine inspected.

Cut qualified MD and CD specimens with approved cutter, visually inspect each specimen for defects.

Mount specimen carefully into grips: eliminate slack but do not pre‑stretch specimen. Avoid touching the gauge‑length test zone by fingers. Use alignment jig if needed.

ISO 1924 Test Procedure of Tensile Properties of Paper and Board:

Cut 10 specimens in each principal direction (25.4 mm wide, ≈ 254 mm long) using a compliant strip cutter.

Set the tensile tester:

Install line‑contact grips.

Adjust grip separation to 180 mm ± 0.5 mm.

Set crosshead speed to 25.4 mm/min.

Verify load‑cell calibration.

Mount the specimen: insert one end into the top grip, align, clamp; insert the other end into the bottom grip, remove slack without pre‑stretching, then clamp.

Run the test: activate the machine; it pulls at constant speed, recording force and elongation until rupture.

Capture data: the software (or recorder) logs peak force, elongation at peak, and the full curve.

Repeat for all 20 specimens (10 MD + 10 CD). Discard any invalid breaks (slippage, clamp‑zone break, etc.).

Calculate per direction: average tensile strength, average % elongation, average TEA, and (if required) tensile stiffness, breaking length, and tensile index.

Compile the report including: average values + range/standard deviation, number of rejected tests and reasons, and any deviations from the standard procedure.

Industry Fields / Applications

ASTM D828 is used throughout the global paper and board industry, especially in North America, for:

Printing & writing papers – predicting web‑breaking resistance during high‑speed printing and converting.

Packaging papers – wrapping, bag, gummed tape, cable wrapping, shipping‑sack paper (TEA is a regulatory requirement for freight classification).

Corrugated & boxboard components – liner and medium evaluation (note: combined corrugated board is excluded).

Creped papers & tissue products – towels, napkins, decorative papers, industrial paper tapes (creped/pleated).

Industrial papers – electrical insulating papers, filter papers, specialty technical grades.

R&D and quality control labs – optimizing fiber type, refining, and manufacturing processes.

Buyer‑supplier acceptance testing – providing objective, contractual tensile data.

Related standard:

ISO 1924-2	Paper and board - Determination of tensile properties - Part 2: Constant rate of elongation method (20 mm/min)
TCVN 1862-2	Paper and board. Determination of tensile properties.Part2:Constant rate of elongation method(20mm/min)
BS 4415-1	Determination of the tensile properties of paper and board.-Constant rate of loading method
ISO 1924-3	Paper and board - Determination of tensile properties - Part 3: Constant rate of elongation method (100 mm/min)
GB/T 22898	Paper and board. Determination of tensile properties. Constant rate of elongation method(100 mm/min)
ISO 12625-4	Tissue paper and tissue products — Part 4: Determination of tensile strength, stretch at maximum force and tensile energy absorption
ASTM D828	Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper and Paperboard Using Constant-Rate-of-Elongation Apparatus
ASTM D829	Wet tensile test for paper and board (saturated with water) – companion to D828 for moisture‑exposed applications.
ANSI/TAPPI T494	Tensile properties of paper and paperboard (using constant rate of elongation apparatus)
AS/NZS 1301.448	Methods of test for pulp and paper - Tensile strength of paper and paperboard (constant rate of elongation method)

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WDW Series Computer Control Electronic Universal Testing Machine made by UNITEDTEST range from 100N to 600KN load capacity with various models like single columns, table type, door frame type etc., is used to perform tension, compression, flexure/bending, shearing, peeling etc., test for metal and nonmetal specimens.

Tensile test fixture for plastics is based on the test standatd ASTM D638, determination of the tensile properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics in the form of standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, speed.

Q1: What is ASTM D828? What materials is it intended for?

A: ASTM D828 is a constant‑rate‑of‑elongation (CRE) tensile test standard for paper and paperboard. It measures tensile strength, stretch, tensile energy absorption (TEA), tensile stiffness, tensile index and breaking length. It applies to printing paper, sack paper, creped paper, paper towels, napkins, liner‑board and most paper‑based products. Combined corrugated board is excluded from its scope. Both vertical and horizontal tensile testers can be used.

Q2: Why perform ASTM D828 tensile testing for paper and paperboard?

A: Tensile properties are core functional indicators for paper products.

Tensile strength predicts web‑break risk during printing, rewinding and converting processes; defines load‑bearing capacity for bags and sack papers.

Stretch (elongation) shows ductility and conformability, critical for creped grades, towels and napkins that need to deform without tearing.

TEA reflects material toughness; two papers with equal tensile strength can differ greatly in shock‑pull resistance.

Tensile index and breaking length normalize strength against grammage, enabling fair comparison for different paper grades.

It delivers objective, repeatable lab data for quality control, fibre‑formula development, and commercial specification agreements for North‑American paper markets.

Q3: What is the standard test speed and rupture‑time requirement for ASTM D828?

A: Standard grip‑separation speed is 25.4 mm/min. Specimen rupture shall ideally occur between 10‑30 seconds. If rupture consistently takes longer than 30 seconds, increase test speed to keep rupture inside 10‑30 s. When using reduced test‑span length, reduce cross‑head speed proportionally to maintain the same strain rate. Any deviation from standard speed must be recorded in test report.

Q4: Many specimens break right next to the grips (within 5 mm of clamping zone). How should I handle this?

A: Breaks within 5 mm of grip zone, specimen slippage and uneven stretching produce invalid test results and must be rejected. Continue testing until you obtain 10 valid results for MD and CD separately. If over 20 % of specimens are rejected, discard all data for this batch. Check grip alignment, line‑contact jaw condition, and optimize clamping pressure: over‑pressure crushes paper edges; insufficient pressure causes slippage. Pneumatically‑controlled grips are recommended for consistent clamping force.

Q5: Can I use ISO 12625‑4 instead of ASTM D828 for tissue paper testing?

A: Not interchangeable. ASTM D828 is general‑purpose for most paper and paperboard grades. ISO 12625‑4 is specialized for tissue‑paper only, with dedicated 0.25 N pre‑load trigger for elongation measurement, different span‑speed settings and specimen rules for thin soft tissue products. Test results cannot be directly converted between these two standards. For North‑American tissue‑product compliance testing, ASTM D828‑22 or TAPPI T494 is preferred.

Q6: What will happen if I change specimen span length or specimen width?

A: Shorter gauge length will increase measured tensile strength, stretch and TEA values; longer gauge length will lower those results. Changing specimen width (within 12‑50 mm range) has minor influence for most paper grades, but deviations must be clearly reported in test report. Never change span or width without mutual agreement between buyer and seller.

Q7. Why is "tensile energy absorption (TEA)" so important?

A: TEA represents the total energy a paper can absorb before breaking — a direct measure of toughness. It is particularly critical for:

Shipping-sack paper — mandated by U.S. freight-classification rules (NMFC Item 200).

Bag papers — where repeated stress cycles occur.

Creped & flexible grades — where energy absorption, not just peak strength, determines real-world performance.

Unlike tensile strength alone, TEA captures both the force and the elongation, giving a more complete picture of material toughness.

Q8. How can UnitedTest help me perform ASTM D828 testing?

A: UnitedTest, with nearly 20 years of experience designing and manufacturing universal testing machines (UTMs), provides complete solutions for ASTM D828:

WDW, WDT, UT series — table-top and floor-model dual-column frames with load capacities from 5 kN up to 600 kN, suitable for paper tensile testing in both low-force (single-column) and higher-force (dual-column) configurations.

FastTest software — next-generation control and data-acquisition platform that ships with a large library of pre-loaded test methods covering ASTM, ISO, BS, EN, GB, and DIN standards, including ASTM D828. Data acquisition rates up to 1,000 Hz ensure precise capture of the force–elongation curve for TEA and tensile stiffness calculations.

Line-contact grips and custom fixtures — UnitedTest can supply the line-contact grips specified in ASTM D828-22, with adjustable clamping pressure to suit everything from delicate tissue to heavy board.

Precision speed control — closed-loop servo drive ensures the crosshead speed is maintained at the required 25.4 mm/min (±4 %), with resettable span settings to ±0.5 mm.

Force-measurement accuracy — load cells calibrated to ASTM E4 / EN 7500-1 / ISO 7500-1 requirements, ensuring compliance with ASTM D828-22's accuracy demands.

By selecting a UnitedTest CRE universal testing machine with the appropriate low-force load cell, line-contact grips, and UT software, your laboratory can run ASTM D828-22 tests with full traceability, repeatability, and audit-ready reporting.

ASTM D828‑22 Paper & Paperboard Tensile Testing Machine Solution from UnitedTest

ASTM D828‑22 is the primary North‑American test standard for dry tensile‑property evaluation of paper and paperboard materials. Paper mills, packaging manufacturers, tissue converters and third‑party testing laboratories rely on CRE‑type tensile testers to perform ASTM D828‑22 tests for production quality‑control, incoming‑raw‑material inspection, new‑fibre‑formula R&D and product‑performance verification for North‑American market compliance.

UnitedTest designs and manufactures professional tensile‑testing systems fully aligned with ASTM D828‑22 requirements. Our paper tensile tester meets force‑measurement accuracy requirements, supports standard 180 mm test‑span and alternative short‑span configurations, and implements 25.4 mm/min standard cross‑head speed with adjustable speed for rupture‑time control (10‑30 seconds).

Equipped with line‑contact adjustable‑pressure paper grips, UnitedTest testing equipment effectively reduces specimen slippage and premature jaw‑zone breaks for printing paper, sack paper, liner‑board, creped paper, paper towels and napkins. The built‑in software automatically computes tensile strength, percentage stretch, tensile energy absorption (TEA), tensile stiffness, tensile index and breaking length. Users can export complete test reports including rejected‑specimen statistics and notes of any procedural deviations required by ASTM D828‑22.

Our tensile‑test instruments support both vertical‑frame and horizontal‑frame configurations, compatible with different laboratory‑space layouts. Whether you run daily‑batch QC at paper‑mill site, perform material‑development R&D or deliver third‑party compliance testing, UnitedTest delivers complete ASTM D828‑22 test‑machine solutions plus technical‑support services.

We offer customization to meet your specific needs. Our expert team will collaborate with you to develop the perfect product for you