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Home >> Application >> By Standard >> ISO >> ISO 10000~19999 >> ISO 13934-2 Grab method tensile test fabrics

ISO 13934-2 Grab method tensile test fabrics

ISO 13934-2 Tensile properties of fabrics (grab method)

ISO 13934-2 specifies a procedure for the determination of the maximum force of textile fabrics known as the grab test. The method is mainly applicable to woven textile fabrics including fabrics which exhibit stretch characteristics imparted by the presence of an elastomeric fibre and mechanical or chemical treatment. It can be applicable to fabrics produced by other techniques.

It is not normally applicable to geotextiles, nonwovens, coated fabrics, textile-glass woven fabrics, and fabrics made from carbon fibres or polyolefin tape yarns. The method specifies the determination of the maximum force of test specimens in equilibrium with the standard atmosphere for testing and of test specimens in the wet state. The method is restricted to the use of constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) testing machines.

ISO 13934-2 Grab method tensile test fabrics

Test Principle:

The core principle involves applying uniaxial tension to a fabric specimen until rupture, with force measured at the point of maximum stress.

A rectangular fabric specimen is centrally gripped by jaws of specified dimensions (25 mm ± 1 mm × 25 mm ± 1 mm effective clamping area), leaving the majority of the specimen unsupported.

The specimen is stretched at a constant rate (50 mm/min ± 10%) until it ruptures.

The maximum force (peak force recorded during stretching) is measured in newtons (N), representing the fabric’s resistance to tearing under uniaxial stress. This force reflects the combined strength of yarns in the gripped area and adjacent inter-yarn interactions, not just individual yarn strength.

Test Methods of ISO 13934-2:

Defines a single primary test method: the grab test, which differs from the "strip test" (described in ISO 13934-1) by gripping only the center portion of the specimen rather than its full width. Key features include:

Applicability: Designed for woven fabrics (including stretch-modified variants) and other technically produced fabrics, but not high-stretch knits, nonwovens, or specialty fabrics (e.g., glass, carbon fiber).

Testing Conditions: Supports evaluation of specimens in two states:

Conditioned: Equilibrated with the standard atmosphere for testing (per ISO 139).

Wet: Immersed in water (per ISO 3696) to measure force reduction due to moisture.

Machine Restriction: Limited to CRE testing machines (constant-rate-of-extension), which stretch specimens at a steady speed, ensuring consistent elongation rates.

Test equipment and device for ISO 13934-2 grab method tensile test for textile fabrics:

Equipment Component	Specifications	Purpose
Tensile Testing Machine	CRE operation, accuracy ±1% of indicated value, capable of measuring force and elongation. Stretching Rate: 50 mm/min ± 10%. Gauge Length: Adjustable to 100 mm (default) or 75 mm (agreed), with accuracy ±1 mm.	Applies controlled tension and records force-elongation data
Grips	Jaws must be aligned with the force line, have smooth/flat faces (or engraved/corrugated faces for slippage prevention); and hold specimens without cutting/weakening them. The effective clamping area for the grab test is 25 mm × 25 mm. Method A:Two clamps (25 mm × 40 mm min, preferably 50 mm) oriented perpendicularly; (one wide edge perpendicular to force, the other parallel). Method B:One clamp (25 mm × 40 mm min) perpendicular to force, and a second clamp (25 mm × 25 mm).	Secure specimen while minimizing damage and slippage
Cutting Tools	Die cutter, rotary cutter, or sharp shears producing clean, fray-free edges	Precisely cut specimens to required dimensions
Wetting Equipment	Immersion tank for wet testing, using ISO 3696 Grade 3 water or water with ≤1 g/L nonionic wetting agent.	Prepare and handle wet specimens

Test Sample information like below:

Sampling	Select samples per material specifications or mutual agreement. If unspecified, use the procedure in Annex A (random selection of bulk pieces, e.g., 1 piece for ≤3 total pieces, 2 for 4–10, etc.). From each bulk piece, cut a laboratory sample (≥1 m long, full width, avoiding creases/faults, ≥3 m from piece ends).
Dimensions & Marking	Width = 100 mm ± 2 mm; length sufficient to maintain a 100 mm gauge length. Draw a line 38 mm from one edge, parallel to warp/weft (or machine/cross-machine) direction, spanning the specimen length.
Sets & Quantity	Cut two sets per laboratory sample: one for warp direction, one for weft (or machine/cross-machine). Each set: ≥5 specimens (increase for higher precision), avoiding edges (<150 mm from sample edge) and duplicate yarns.
Wet Specimens	Cut specimens ≥2× longer than dry specimens. Number both ends, then split crosswise into two parts (one for dry testing, one for wet). For shrink-prone fabrics, use longer wet specimens.

Test Applications:

ISO 13934-2 is primarily designed for:

Woven fabrics (including those with elastomeric fibers or stretch treatments)

Most textile materials used in apparel, home furnishings, industrial, and technical applications

Common Industry Applications:

Apparel manufacturing: Evaluate garment durability, seam strength, and tear resistance

Home textiles: Assess upholstery, curtains, and bedding performance under use stresses

Industrial textiles: Test filter fabrics, conveyor belts, and protective clothing

Technical textiles: Evaluate composite reinforcements, military uniforms, and automotive textiles

Limitations: ISO 13934-2 is not normally applicable to:

Geotextiles

Nonwoven fabrics

Coated fabrics

Textile-glass woven fabrics

Carbon fiber or polyolefin tape yarn fabrics

Test Procedures of ISO 13934-1 fabric grab tensile test:

1, Set up testing machine:

Adjust gauge length to 100 ± 1 mm (or 75 mm by agreement)

Set crosshead speed to 50 mm/min

Calibrate load cell and elongation measurement system

2, Mount specimen:

Align specimen so its longitudinal centerline passes through grip center and is perpendicular to jaw line

Position specimen so marking line aligns with grip edge

Close upper grip first, then lower grip with specimen lying flat under its own weight

Apply initial tension (0.5 N dry, 0.25 N wet)

3, Initiate test: Start machine and record force-elongation curve until specimen breaks

4, Record results: Maximum force (N) and elongation at maximum force (%)

Repeat for minimum 5 specimens per direction

5, Wet testing: After immersion, remove excess water with absorbent paper and test within 2 minutes

6, Report: Calculate arithmetic mean of maximum force for each direction

Report results separately for warp and weft directions

Include test conditions (dry/wet, gauge length, speed) in the final report.

Related products and device

ISO 13934-2 textile Tensile Testing Machine

WDW Series Computer Control Electronic Universal Testing Machine made by UNITEDTEST range from 100N to 600KN load capacity with various models like single columns, table type, door frame type etc., is used to perform tension, compression, flexure/bending, shearing, peeling etc., test for metal and nonmetal specimens.

ISO 13934-2 fabric grab test grips

Textile fabric tensile fixtures complying with ASTM D5035 and ISO 13934.1 are specialized clamping devices for testing the tensile strength and elongation at break of textiles. They are designed based on the strip method specified by both standards, which guarantees the test accuracy.

Related Standard

ASTM D5034 Grab Tensile Testing for Textile Fabrics Breaking Strength and Elongation –

ASTM D5034 for determining the breaking strength (maximum force a fabric can withstand before rupture) and elongation (amount of stretch under tension) of textile fabrics using the grab test principle. It provides two primary procedures: the grab test and modified grab test, with provisions for both dry and wet testing conditions.

ISO 13934-1 Tensile test of textiles and fabrics (strip methods) –

ISO 13934-1 Textiles -- Tensile properties of fabrics (strip methods)

ISO 13934-1 provides a testing procedure for determining the tensile properties of fabrics. This standard mainly applies to woven textile fabrics, but can also be applicable to fabrics produced using other techniques. it is not normally applied to woven elastic fabrics, geotextiles, nonwoven fabrics, coated fabrics, textile-glass woven fabrics, fabrics made from carbon fibers, or polyolefin tape yarns. This standard uses a strip method of testing to measure maximum force as well as elongation at maximum force. If required, it also records the force at rupture and elongation. Two sets of specimens are prepared, one in the warp direction and one in the weft direction.

ASTM D5035 Breaking Force and Elongation testing of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method) –

ASTM D5035 : Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)

ASTM D5035 is the standard test method for determining breaking force (tensile strength) and elongation at break of textile fabrics using the strip method. It defines two core procedures--raveled strip (for woven fabrics) and cut strip (for nonwovens, coated/felted fabrics)--and supports both dry and wet testing.

ASTM D1424 Elmendorf Tear Strength Test for Fabric –

ASTM D1424 Standard Test Method for Tear Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum (Elmendorf) Apparatus

ASTM D1424 specifies the procedure for determining the force required to propagate a single tear through a fabric using the Elmendorf (falling-pendulum) tester. The test method is a single-tear (tongue) test. A rectangular specimen is slit partway along its length to create two tongues. The tear propagates from the slit across the width of the specimen.

ASTM D6797: Ball Burst Puncture Test for Bursting Strength of Nonwoven Barrier Fabrics –

ASTM D6797 is a standard test method for measuring the bursting strength of woven and knitted textiles using a constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) tensile tester with a ball burst fixture, providing precise, repeatable data for fabric performance evaluation, quality control, and compliance, essential for validating high-elongation textiles in real-world applications.

ASTM D6797 titled "Test Method for Bursting Strength of Fabrics Constant-Rate-of-Extension (CRE) Ball Burst Test." While similar in name to ASTM D3787, it has a distinct focus and methodology.

ASTM D737 Air Permeability Testing for Textile Fabrics –

ASTM D737 is a test standard that specifies the method for measuring the air permeability of textile fabrics. The test method described in ASTM D737 provides a quick, simple and reliable method for determining the air permeability of textile fabrics. The purpose of the test is to determine the ease with which air can pass through the fabric and to provide a measure of its breathability. The test is typically performed on fabrics used for clothing, curtains, upholstery and other similar applications.

The testing equipment for ASTM D737 typically consists of a calibrated air flow apparatus, a sample clamping device and a means of measuring air flow. The test involves clamping a test specific of the fabric over a circular opening in the apparatus and measuring the rate of air flow through the fabric.

ISO 9237 Textiles Determination the permeability of fabrics to air –

ISO 9237 is a method of testing the breathability of a fabric. It can be applied to a wide range of fabrics, including woven, nonwoven, and industrial fabrics for technical reasons. In this method, the rate of airflow passing perpendicularly through a given area of fabric is measured. The differential pressure for the entire fabric test area and time has been determined. Nowadays, air permeability testers are very advanced because they require the machine to start and provide airflow values.

Comparison difference table of ISO 13934-2 and ASTM D5034:

Below is a concise comparison table of ISO 13934-2:2014 and ASTM D5034-21(2025), based on the provided document content and structured to highlight key differences and similarities.

Comparison Item	ISO 13934-2:2014	ASTM D5034-21(2025)
Standard Title	Textiles—Tensile Properties of Fabrics—Part 2: Determination of Maximum Force Using the Grab Method	Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
Core Purpose	Determine maximum force (breaking strength) of fabrics via the grab test.	Determine breaking strength and elongation of fabrics via grab/modified grab tests.
Applicable Fabrics	Woven fabrics (including stretch from elastomeric fibers/mechanical/chemical treatment); other technical fabrics. Exclusions: Geotextiles, nonwovens, coated fabrics, textile-glass, carbon fiber/polyolefin tape yarns.	Woven, nonwoven, felted fabrics. Exclusions: High-stretch knits, glass fabrics, materials with >11% elongation.
Test Methods	Single method: Grab Test (grips only the center of the specimen; differs from ISO 13934-1’s strip test).	Two methods: 1. Grab Test (measures "effective strength" of 100-mm width). 2. Modified Grab Test (isolates 25-mm central yarn bundle for high-strength wovens).
Test Principle	Centrally grip a specimen (25 mm ± 1 mm × 25 mm ± 1 mm effective area) and stretch at constant rate until rupture. Record maximum force (N), reflecting combined yarn/inter-yarn strength.	Mount a 100-mm-wide specimen (75-mm gauge length) and stretch until rupture. Record breaking force (max force) and elongation (% gauge length increase).
Test Device	- Machine: Only Constant-Rate-of-Extension (CRE) (accuracy: Class 1 per ISO 7500-1, error ≤ ±1%; data collection ≥8 Hz). - Stretching Rate: 50 mm/min ± 10%. - Gauge Length: 100 mm (default) or 75 mm (agreed), ±1 mm. - Clamps: Effective area 25×25 mm (two configurations: Annex C).	- Machine: CRE/CRL/CRT (prefers CRE for 20s ± 3s break time; accuracy: Class 1 per ASTM D76). - Stretching Rate: 300 mm/min ± 10 mm/min (or 20s ± 3s). - Gauge Length: 75 mm (default). - Clamps: Grab test (front: 25×25–50 mm; back: matching); Modified grab (top: ≥25×50 mm; bottom: ≥50×50 mm).
Test Specimen	- Dimensions: 100 mm ± 2 mm wide × length ≥ 100 mm (for 100-mm gauge). - Marking: Line 38 mm from one edge (parallel to yarns). - Quantity: ≥5 per direction (warp/weft); 2 sets (dry/wet). - Wet Specimens: Double-length, numbered, split crosswise (paired dry/wet).	- Dimensions: Grab test (100×≥150 mm; mark 37-mm line); Modified grab (slit to isolate 25-mm bundle). - Quantity: 5 warp + 8 weft per condition. - Wet Specimens: Double-length, split crosswise (control shrinkage).
Test Procedure	1. Set gauge length (100/75 mm) and rate (50 mm/min). 2. Center specimen (mark line aligns with jaw edge; no pretension). 3. Stretch to rupture; record max force. 4. Handle jaw breaks (include if > lowest "normal" break). 5. Wet test: Immerse 1h (20°C±2°C), blot, test immediately.	1. Set gauge length (75 mm) and rate (300 mm/min or 20s break). 2. Mount specimen (align 37-mm line; pretension ≤0.5% full scale). 3. Stretch to rupture; record force/elongation. 4. Reject results with slippage/jaw breaks (<50% average). 5. Wet test: Immerse, test within 2 minutes.
Key Parameters	- Stretching rate: 50 mm/min ± 10%. - Gauge length: 100 mm (default). - Max force unit: Newtons (N).	- Stretching rate: 300 mm/min ± 10 mm/min (or 20s ± 3s). - Gauge length: 75 mm. - Units: Force (N), elongation (%).
Data Reporting	- Arithmetic mean of max force (rounded: 1 N <100 N, 10 N 100–<1000 N, 100 N ≥1000 N). - Optional: Coefficient of variation (CV, 0.1% precision) and 95% confidence limits.	- Mean breaking force/elongation. - Precision: Single-operator CV 2.1–4.6%, inter-lab CV 1.1–17.7% (per 1991 study). - Bias: No known bias.
Exclusions	Geotextiles, nonwovens, coated fabrics, textile-glass, carbon fiber/polyolefin tape yarns.	High-stretch knits, glass fabrics, materials with >11% elongation.

Notes on Model Knowledge Expansion

Elongation Measurement: ISO 13934-2 focuses solely on maximum force (breaking strength), while ASTM D5034 explicitly includes elongation (percentage increase in gauge length) as a key output.
Machine Flexibility: ASTM D5034 allows CRE/CRL/CRT machines (with CRE preferred for dispute resolution), whereas ISO 13934-2 restricts testing to CRE machines only for consistency.
Wet Test Protocols: ISO 13934-2 requires 1-hour immersion (20°C±2°C) and immediate testing after blotting; ASTM D5034 mandates testing within 2 minutes of water removal (no specified immersion time, though 21°C is standard).

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