Information on the most widely used ASTM standards within the materials testing industry
ASTM D695 Rigid Plastic Compression Tester | ISO 604 Equivalent | UnitedTest
ASTM D695 standard test method determines compressive properties of unreinforced and reinforced rigid plastics and high-modulus composites, equivalent to ISO 604. UnitedTest manufactures ASTM D695 compliant compression testing machines for plastic mechanical performance analysis and quality control.
ASTM D695 is a globally recognized standard test method dedicated to evaluating the compressive mechanical properties of rigid plastic materials, covering both unreinforced rigid plastics and reinforced rigid plastics as well as high-modulus composite materials. The standard adopts low uniform strain rate and loading rate compression testing modes using standardized geometric specimens to deliver accurate and repeatable mechanical test data for polymer material qualification.
Applicable for composite modulus values up to 41,370 MPa (6,000,000 psi), ASTM D695 is technically equivalent to the ISO 604 plastics compressive property test standard. The test procedure performs end-loading axial compression on standard plastic specimens under strictly controlled environmental conditions and stable displacement rates. It accurately measures core mechanical indicators including compressive strength, yield strength, offset yield strength, compressive elastic modulus, and compressive deformation degree.
Widely used in plastic manufacturing, composite material production, automotive, aerospace and industrial polymer research, ASTM D695 test results support material formulation optimization, batch quality inspection, structural component performance verification and third-party material certification. UnitedTest designs and manufactures high-precision ASTM D695 rigid plastic compression testing machines, fully compliant with ASTM D695 and ISO 604 requirements, providing stable, accurate compression testing solutions for industrial laboratories and production quality control departments.

Test Principle
A right cylinder or prismatic specimen of known original cross-section is placed between two flat, parallel, hardened loading surfaces and compressed axially at a constant, slow crosshead rate while load and shortening are recorded.
Compressive stress (nominal) = load ÷ minimum original cross-sectional area within the gage boundaries (not the instantaneous/barreled area — "true" stress is a separate convention).
Compressive strain = shortening ÷ original gage length (dimensionless; ×100 = percent compressive strain).
The load–shortening record is converted into a compressive stress–strain diagram; modulus is the slope of the initial straight portion, yield is the first point where strain increases without stress increase, and offset yield is the stress where the curve departs from linearity by a specified strain offset (e.g., 0.2 %).
The specimen geometry is chosen so the specimen crushes rather than buckles — this is why the slenderness ratio (L / least radius of gyration) governs specimen design.
Test Specimen information:
Machined from sheet, plate, rod, tube, or molded (compression/injection). All machined surfaces smooth; end faces flat, parallel, and perpendicular to the long axis within 0.025 mm (0.001 in.).
| Purpose | Preferred geometry | Slenderness ratio |
|---|---|---|
| Strength (standard) | Prism 12.7 × 12.7 × 25.4 mm, or cylinder Ø12.7 × 25.4 mm (length = 2 × principal width/diameter) | ≈ 7:1 |
| Modulus / offset yield | Prism 12.7 × 12.7 × 50.8 mm, or cylinder Ø12.7 × 50.8 mm | 11:1 to 16:1 |
| Rods | Diameter = rod diameter; length = 2×D (strength) or L/r_g = 11–16 (modulus) | 11–16 for modulus |
| Tubes | Full tube section; length 25.4 mm — valid for wall ≥1 mm, ID ≥6.4 mm, OD ≤50.8 mm | — |
| Thin material (< ~3.2–6.4 mm) | Reduced-section ("dogbone") specimen per Fig. 5, tested in the supporting jig | jig prevents buckling |
Test Equipment required for the ASTM D695 Plastic & composites Compressive Testing
| Universal Test Machine | Constant‑rate‑of‑cross‑head movement drive system; load readout accurate to ±1 % of maximum test load, calibrated yearly per ASTM E4. |
| Compression tool / subpress | Hardened parallel loading platens with flatness ≤ 0.025 mm, surfaces mutually perpendicular to loading axis; axial alignment requirement 1:1000, to avoid bending or buckling of specimens.
|
| Compressometer (extensometer) | Measures distance between two fixed points on the specimen; preferably auto-records vs. load; must meet Class B-2 of ASTM E83. Crosshead displacement is not acceptable for modulus (it includes frame/platen/seating compliance) |
| Supporting jig | Required for thin‑wall / thin‑sheet specimens (thickness < 6.4 mm), prevents premature global buckling; jig screws are tightened only finger‑tight.
|
Key Test Parameters
| Speed of testing | 1.3 ± 0.3 mm/min (0.050 ± 0.010 in./min), except as allowed in §10.5.4 (speed may be increased in the post-yield region for ductile materials that flatten rather than fracture) |
| Conditioning | ASTM D618 Procedure A — standard laboratory atmosphere (23 ± 2 °C, 50 ± 10 % RH), conditioning time is a minimum |
| Number of specimens | ≥5 per sample for isotropic materials; 10 (5 normal + 5 parallel to principal axis of anisotropy) for anisotropic materials |
| Dimensional measurement | Width/thickness to nearest 0.01 mm at several points; minimum cross-sectional area used |
| Alignment / flatness | Axial within 1:1000; platens flat and parallel within 0.025 mm |
Key Test Procedures:
Measure specimen width, thickness or diameter at multiple points over specimen length, record minimum cross‑section area, and original gauge‑length dimension.
Mount specimen centrally between compression‑tool hardened platens; align specimen longitudinal centre‑line with plunger axis; ensure specimen‑end faces are fully parallel to compression‑platen surfaces. Bring cross‑head down until light contact with compression‑tool plunger is achieved (zero‑load starting point).
For thin specimens: insert specimen flush‑against jig base and centred; finger‑tighten jig fasteners; then install whole jig assembly inside compression tool platens.
Case A: If only compressive strength / compressive yield strength data is needed: set cross‑head speed at 1.3 mm/min, start test; record maximum compressive load applied before specimen failure/distortion endpoint.
Case B: If full stress‑strain data, modulus or offset‑yield are required: set compressometer onto specimen gauge section; start test at standard cross‑head speed; record paired load‑compressive‑strain data points continuously or capture complete load‑deformation curve. For ductile materials, increase cross‑head speed post‑yield as permitted by standard, run until specimen breaks or preset deformation limit is reached.
Repeat for all replicate specimens; discard defective‑failure samples.
Perform calculations for compressive strength, yield strength, offset yield strength, compressive elastic modulus, average values and standard deviation, apply toe‑compensation correction for modulus calculation (Annex A1).
Compile full test report including material identification, specimen‑preparation method, specimen dimensions, conditioning parameters, test‑chamber conditions, replicate‑count, test‑speed, each compressive‑property mean value plus standard deviation, and test‑method designation and test date.
Industry Application Fields
ASTM D695 compression‑test data is widely applied in these sectors:
Material suppliers / resin producers: datasheet generation and grade qualification for ABS, PC, POM/POM-C, PA, PVC, acrylic, phenolics, epoxies, filled and short-fiber-reinforced compounds.
Automotive & transportation: load-bearing brackets, clips, bushings, under-hood housings, interior structural parts; stack/compressive load validation.
Aerospace & defense: secondary structures, tooling board, radomes, non-continuous-fiber composites (SMC/BMC); DoD has approved the method.
Electrical & electronics: housings, insulators, connector bodies, switchgear parts that sit under clamping/compressive preload.
Construction & building products: rigid PVC profiles, structural panels, pipe and fittings (axial compression of tube sections), insulation board.
Consumer goods & sporting equipment: helmets padding cores, ski/board cores, rigid foam-adjacent solid plastics, appliance components.
Additive manufacturing: compressive response of 3D-printed rigid polymers and lattice/solid coupons.
Related Test Standard
| ASTM D695 | Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics |
| ASTM D1621 | Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Cellular Plastics |
| ASTM D3410 | Shear‑loading compression test for polymer‑matrix composites with unsupported gauge section, suited for high‑strength continuous‑fiber composite laminates (not pure end‑loading as D695). |
| ASTM D6641 | Combined‑loading‑compression (CLC) fixture standard for advanced fiber‑reinforced polymer composites; mixing end‑load and shear‑load transfer, alternative for high‑orthotropy laminates where D695 end‑loading may cause premature end‑crushing failure. |
| ISO 7616 | Cellular plastics, rigid-Determination of compressive creep under specified load and temperature conditions |
| ISO 844 | Rigid cellular plastics — Determination of compression properties |
| GB/T 1041 | China standard National equivalent of ISO 604 |
| ISO 604 | Plastics -- Determination of compressive properties |
| ISO 7743 | Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic; determination of compression stress-strain properties |
| TCVN 11993 | Plastics. Determination of compressive properties |
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Related products and device
Related Standard
ISO 604 specifies a method for determining the compressive properties of plastics under defined conditions. It is used to investigate the compressive behavior of test specimens and to determine key mechanical properties such as compressive strength, compressive modulus, and other aspects of the compressive stress/strain relationship. Specimen length is adjusted to avoid buckling that would distort results.
ISO 844 Rigid cellular plastics — Determination of compression properties.
ISO 844 unified test methods to measure core compressive mechanical properties of rigid closed/open-cell foam plastics, eliminating inconsistent test data across laboratories and enabling global material comparison. Can obtain four key compressive indicators: compressive strength, corresponding relative deformation, compressive stress at 10% nominal deformation, and compressive elastic modulus.
ASTM D3410 Shear Loading compression Test Method for Compressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials with Unsupported Gage Section.
ASTM D3410 test method determines the in-plane compressive properties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced by high-modulus fibers. It is applicable to composites made from unidirectional tape, wet-tow placement, textile (for example, fabric), short fibers, or similar product forms. Some product forms may require deviations from the test method.
ASTM D3410 is designed to produce compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the compressive response and should therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and layup, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement.
FAQs of ASTM D695 Plastic & composites Compressive Testing
Q1: What is ASTM D695 test, and why is this test important for rigid plastic materials?
A: ASTM D695‑23 is the global end‑loading compression test standard for unreinforced / reinforced rigid plastics and high‑modulus composites. It measures compressive strength, compressive yield strength, offset yield strength and compressive elastic modulus. Tensile data (ASTM D638) cannot predict compression performance for polymers; plastics often behave very differently under crush load. This test delivers baseline mechanical data for R&D, incoming‑material QC, part specification acceptance, and material datasheets for automotive, construction, electrical and aerospace components. Note: It gives short‑term static compression results; creep, fatigue and impact tests are still needed for real‑world long‑life engineering design.
Q2: What properties can ASTM D695 measure?
A: Compressive strength (maximum nominal compressive stress during test; may be arbitrary for ductile plastics that deform without shattering fracture)
Compressive yield strength
Offset compressive yield strength
Compressive modulus of elasticity
Compressive deformation & compressive strain‑stress curve data
Q3: What are the standard specimen dimensions for ASTM D695‑23?
A: For compressive strength test: preferred prism 12.7 × 12.7 × 25.4 mm or cylinder Φ12.7 × 25.4 mm (length = twice width / diameter).
For modulus / offset yield testing: slenderness ratio must be 11‑16:1. Preferred size: prism 12.7 × 12.7 × 50.8 mm, cylinder Φ12.7 × 50.8 mm.
Thin sheet 3.2–6.4 mm: prism cross‑section 12.7 mm × sheet thickness, length 12.7 mm; shorten length if buckling appears.
Material thinner than 3.2 mm: special waisted dog‑bone compression specimen, must use anti‑buckling supporting jig.
Syntactic foam: standard cylinder Φ25.4 × 50.8 mm.
Isotropic material minimum 5 replicates; anisotropic material 10 replicates (5 parallel /5 perpendicular to anisotropy axis).
Q4. Why is compression testing important if tensile data already exists?
A: Compression is not the mirror of tension. Many plastics that fail brittly in tension yield and deform plastically in compression; some never fracture and simply flatten into a disc. Tensile values cannot substitute for any part carrying clamping force, stack load, bearing load, press-fit preload or compressive service stress. Design, material selection and FEA all need compressive numbers measured by their own method.
Q5: Can I calculate compressive modulus only from machine cross‑head displacement?
A: No, this is a very common lab mistake. Cross‑head displacement includes machine frame deformation, platen compliance and specimen seating slack. You must use a compressometer / Class B‑2 extensometer (per ASTM E83) mounted directly to specimen gauge section to collect true strain data for valid compressive modulus. Annex A1 toe‑compensation correction is mandatory to eliminate initial slack “toe‑region” artifact on stress‑strain curves before modulus calculation.
Q6: My thin plastic specimen buckles before compression failure. How to fix it following ASTM D695‑23?
A: Buckling occurs when slenderness ratio exceeds allowed range for thin samples. Use the anti‑buckling supporting jig (Figure 3 & 4 in D695‑23) for specimens thinner than 6.4 mm. Mount specimen flush against jig base and centered; tighten jig nuts only finger‑tight (no over‑clamping lateral pressure). For material < 3.2 mm, adopt the waisted compression specimen geometry shown in Figure 5 together with this jig fixture.
Q7: Is ASTM D695 equal to ISO 604? What is difference vs ASTM D3410 / D6641?
A: ASTM official note states ASTM D695‑23 is technically equivalent to ISO 604 (Plastics‑Determination of Compressive Properties).
ASTM D695: pure end‑loading compression, suitable for rigid unreinforced plastics, short‑fiber reinforced plastics, syntactic foam.
ASTM D3410/D3410M: shear‑loading compression for continuous‑fiber composite laminates with unsupported gauge section.
ASTM D6641/D6641M: Combined Loading Compression (CLC fixture), mix end‑load + shear‑load for high‑performance unidirectional composite laminates. For highly‑oriented continuous‑fiber composite laminates, D695 end‑loading may cause premature end‑crushing failure; select D3410 or D6641 instead.
Q8: When compressive test runs, specimen fails by end‑crushing instead of expected compression fracture. What causes this?
A: Common root causes:
Specimen end faces are not flat, parallel or perpendicular to longitudinal axis (tolerance required ≤ 0.025 mm). Poor machining quality on specimen ends.
Compression platens lack flatness / parallelism (flatness ≤ 0.025 mm requirement of standard).
Poor axial alignment between specimen centre‑line and machine plunger axis, introducing bending moment.
Specimen slenderness ratio out of range (too long or too thin, triggering buckling‑related end damage).
Q9: When can compressive‑strength value become meaningless for plastic under ASTM D695 test?
A: For ductile plastics that continuously deform, flatten into thin disk without shattering brittle rupture. Nominal compressive stress keeps rising with large deformation and there is no distinct fracture point. Under this scenario, “compressive strength” is arbitrary and depends on the distortion threshold you define, not an intrinsic material constant.
Q10: Can general‑purpose UTM machine run ASTM D695 test? What extra accessories are mandatory?
A: Yes, a universal testing machine (UTM) with constant cross‑head speed control can perform ASTM D695 test. Mandatory accessories:
Precision compression platens (flatness ≤ 0.025 mm, good axial alignment).
Class B‑2 compressometer / extensometer for modulus measurement.
Anti‑buckling support jig for thin‑wall / thin‑sheet specimens (< 6.4 mm). Without compressometer you can only get compressive strength, you cannot report valid compressive modulus value. Machine load accuracy must meet ± 1 % full‑scale test load requirement, calibrated annually following ASTM E4 standard.
Q11. Can D695 be used for foams?
A: No — rigid cellular plastics use ASTM D1621 with much larger block specimens.
Q12: Why choose ASTM D695 Compression Testing Machine for Rigid Plastics from UnitedTest Manufacturer?
A: UnitedTest manufactures ASTM D695‑23 compliant compression testing machines & fixtures for rigid plastics. Measure compressive strength, yield strength & compressive modulus for polymer, composites & syntactic foam.
UnitedTest is a professional global manufacturer of material testing equipment, supplying complete ASTM D695‑23‑compliant compression test solutions for rigid unreinforced plastics, reinforced polymers, high‑modulus composites and syntactic foam materials.
Our universal testing machines (UTM) and dedicated compression test systems are pre‑configured for the ASTM D695‑23 standard, supporting end‑loading compression tests to measure compressive strength, compressive yield strength, offset yield strength and compressive elastic modulus. Complete test kits include precision hardened compression platens, Class‑B‑2 compressometer mounting interface, anti‑buckling supporting jigs for thin plastic sheets, standard specimen machining guidance, and built‑in D695‑23 test software workflows including Annex A1 toe‑compensation function for accurate modulus calculation.
Our test systems help quality‑control labs, polymer R&D centers, composite component manufacturers, automotive, aerospace, electrical insulation and construction‑plastic producers generate repeatable, auditable compression test data for material datasheets, incoming‑material inspection, product qualification and conformance reporting.
Besides ASTM D695, UnitedTest machines support related standards: ISO 604, ASTM D638 (tensile), ASTM D3410, ASTM D6641 for advanced composite compression testing.
Why choose UnitedTest ASTM D695 test solution:
✅ Fully compliant with ASTM D695‑23 standard requirements for cross‑head speed, load accuracy, platen flatness and axial alignment
✅ Integrated software with automatic toe‑compensation, stress‑strain curve plotting, auto‑calculation for strength, yield, modulus, mean value & standard deviation
✅ Complete fixture portfolio: compression platens, thin‑specimen anti‑buckling support jig, compressometer mounting kits
✅ Custom‑adapted for isotropic and anisotropic plastics, syntactic foam, short‑fiber reinforced composites
✅ Global support: installation, operator training, calibration service and remote technical assistance for laboratories worldwide
Whether you need standalone compression accessories to retrofit your existing UTM or a complete new ASTM D695‑23 compression testing system, UnitedTest application engineers can deliver tailored testing solutions for your rigid‑plastic compression‑characterization projects.
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