Information on the most widely used ASTM standards within the materials testing industry
ASTM D1525: Standard Test Method for Vicat Softening Temperature of Plastics
ASTM D1525 test method covers determination of the temperature at which a specified needle penetration occurs when specimens are subjected to specified controlled test conditions. It's equivalent to standard ISO306.
Test Procedure:
A test specimen is placed in the testing apparatus so that the penetrating needle rests on its surface at least 1 mm from the edge. A load of 10N or 50N is applied to the specimen. The specimen is then lowered into an oil bath at 23 degrees C. The bath is raised at a rate of 50° or 120° C per hour until the needle penetrates 1 mm.

Related Standard
ISO 306 Plastics -- Thermoplastic materials -- Determination of Vicat softening temperature (VST)
ISO 306 Standard specifies four methods for the determination of the Vicat softening temperature (VST) of thermoplastic materials:
- method A50 using a force of 10 N and a heating rate of 50 K/h;
- method B50 using a force of 50 N and a heating rate of 50 K/h;
- method A120 using a force of 10 N and a heating rate of 120 K/h;
- method B120 using a force of 50 N and a heating rate of 120 K/h.
The methods specified are applicable only to thermoplastics, for which they give a measure of the temperature at which the thermoplastics start to soften rapidly.
ISO 75-1 Plastics -- Determination of temperature of deflection under load.
ISO 75-1 specifies a general test method for the determination of the temperature of deflection under load (flexural stress under three-point loading) of plastics. Different types of test specimen and different constant loads are defined to suit different types of material.
It is determined for materials such as thermoplastics, hard rubber and duroplastic laminates.
The heat deflection temperature is a measure of a polymer's ability to bear a given load at elevated temperatures. The deflection temperature is also known as the 'deflection temperature under load' (DTUL), 'heat deflection temperature', or 'heat distortion temperature' (HDT). The two common loads used are 0.46 MPa (66 psi) and 1.8 MPa (264 psi), although tests performed at higher loads such as 5.0 MPa (725 psi) or 8.0 MPa (1160 psi) are occasionally encountered. The common ASTM test is ASTM D 648 while the analogous ISO test is ISO 75. The test using a 1.8 MPa load is performed under ISO 75 Method A while the test using a 0.46 MPa load is performed under ISO 75 Method B.
The test geometry used to measure deflection temperature under load in plastics such as in the ASTM D 648 test.
Vicat softening temperature test details according to ISO 306 and ASTM D1525
Vicat softening temperature (VST) refers to the temperature at which a specified indenter just penetrates 1 millimeter into a sample under a defined load and heating rate. The reference method for uniform heat transfer is an oil bath.
Vicat Softening Temperature is one of the important indicators to measure the heat resistance of thermoplastic materials, mainly used to evaluate the critical temperature point at which the material begins to deform under specific temperature and load conditions. This parameter is important for material selection, product design, and quality control.
In modern industrial production, plastic products are widely used in auto parts, electronic and electrical shells, medical devices and other fields, and these application scenarios often put forward strict requirements for the heat resistance of materials. Vicat softening point detection helps engineers determine whether a material can maintain dimensional stability over a predetermined operating temperature range and avoid deformation failure due to temperature increase.
Vicat Softening Temperature test range: | |
| The scope of plastic Vicat softening point test covers a variety of plastic materials and their products, mainly including the following categories: | |
| A | Thermoplastics: such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), etc. |
| B | Engineering plastics: such as polyamide (PA), polycarbonate (PC), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), etc. |
| C | Composite materials: such as glass fiber reinforced plastic, carbon fiber reinforced plastic, etc. |
| D | Plastic products: such as plastic film, plastic pipes, plastic plates, plastic packaging materials, etc. |
| The detection range typically covers a temperature range of 50°C to 300°C, depending on the properties of the material being measured. For the same material, it may be necessary to determine the softening point under different load conditions to obtain more comprehensive performance data. In addition, the test can also be used to evaluate the stability of plastic materials in high-temperature environments, providing a reference for material selection and application. | |
| Vicat Softening Temperature test method: | |
| A | ISO 306: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) determines the temperature of softening plastics by Vicat for thermoplastics. |
| B | ASTM D1525: Standard for softening temperature of plastics by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) for a wide range of plastic materials. |
| C | GB/T 1633: Chinese national standard, specifies the determination method of plastic Vicat softening temperature |
| During the test, the specimen is placed in a specific test device, a specified load is applied, and it is heated at a constant rate of heating. When the specimen is pressed to a depth of 1 mm, the temperature at this time is recorded, which is the Vicat softening temperature. | |
| Vicat Softening Temperature test instruments: | |
| The standard Vicat softening spot inspection system consists of the following components: | |
| 1 | Vicat softening point tester (VST testing machine): core equipment, including heating system, temperature control system and displacement measurement system. |
| 2 | Test indenter (VICAT Needle): A standard diameter of 1mm² for a round flat head, usually made of hardened steel |
| 3 | Specimen holder: A special fixture used to hold the sample to be tested |
| 4 | Temperature sensor: platinum resistor or thermocouple with an accuracy of not less than 0.5°C |
| 5 | Displacement measurement device: Micrometer or electronic displacement sensor with an accuracy of at least 0.01mm |
| 6 | Weight Set: Standard test loads are available, typically including 10N and 50N specifications |
| 7 | Liquid bath: Used for certain test methods that require heating of liquid media |
| 8 | In addition, the test process needs to be equipped with specimen preparation tools (such as cutting machines, molds, etc.) and data recording equipment to ensure the standardization and reproducibility of the test. |
| Vicat Softening Temperature test methods and processes | |
| 1 | Sample preparation |
| Prepare square specimens with a side length of 10mm and a thickness of 3-6.5mm or a circular specimen with a diameter of 10mm according to the standard requirements. The surface of the specimen should be flat, free of bubbles and obvious defects. | |
| 2 | Equipment preparation |
| Select the appropriate test indenter and load weights, calibrate the temperature measurement system and displacement sensor. For oil bath equipment, it is necessary to choose the appropriate heat conduction medium. | |
| 3 | Test Procedures |
a) Place the specimen horizontally on the holder b) Apply the selected load (usually 10N or 50N) c) Heat the specimen at a specified heating rate (usually 50°C/h or 120°C/h). d) Record the temperature when the indenter penetrates the specimen to a depth of 1mm | |
| 4 | Data processing |
| At least 3 samples of the same material are tested, and the average value is taken as the final result. When the deviation of a single test value from the average value exceeds 2°C, it needs to be retested. | |
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